CHEMISTRY 5

Crystals	Reactions	Water	Chemical Change	Food Science	Air Pressure	Trivia
Miscellaneous	Acids and Bases	Home	White Powder	PH Scale	Weather	Links
More Experiments	Even More	And More	Crystallization Quiz	Acids Bases Quiz	Chemistry Match 1	Chemistry Match 2
Chemistry Test 1	Chemistry Test 2		Science Home		Chemistry Test 3	Chemistry Test 4


Chemistry is the study of MATTER and the changes that take place with that matter. Everything on Earth and in the universe is made up of MATTER. MATTER is the name scientists have given to everything that you can touch, or see, or feel, or smell. Here's a great index site map for the entire study of chemistry: INDEX	MATTER has many properties. It can have PHYSICAL properties like different densities, melting points, boiling points, freezing points, color or smells. There are also CHEMICAL properties that define matter like what elements combine with each other in reactions.	There are three main STATES of matter: SOLIDS LIQUIDS GASES	LIQUIDS can either be acidic or basic ACID: A solution that has an excess of H+ ions. It comes from the Latin word "acidus" which means "sharp". Acids turn litmus paper or red cabbage juice red. Acids are compounds which break into Hydrogen (H+) ions and another compound when placed in a water solution. Acids taste sour.	BASES A solution that has an excess of OH- ions. Another word for base is ALKALI. Bases turn litmus paper or red cabbage juice blue. Bases are compounds which break up into Hydroxide (OH-) ions and another compound when placed in a water solution. Bases taste bitter and are slippery.

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CRYSTALS

In a crystal atoms or molecules join together in a pattern that repeats itself over and over to create a certain shape.
A crystal grows by adding atoms or molecules to all its sides in the exact same pattern as the atoms and
molecules that were added before.

EXPLODING SALT CRYSTALS
Place some salt crystals on a hot plate and watch them explode as water turns to steam.
GROW A LARGE ALUM CRYSTAL
Stir 3 tablespoons of alum into 1 cup of boiling water; cover the jar with plastic and let sit for a few days.
A large crystal should grow.
MAKE EPSOM FROST ON GLASS
Dissolve Epsom salts in boiling water...brush on glass and watch the crystals grow.
MAKE A CRYSTAL PALACE
Place 3 sponges at the bottom of a pie plate. [More Links]
Mix ¼ cup of salt, ¼ cup of water, ¼ cup of laundry bluing and 2 tablespoons of ammonia.
Sprinkle food colouring on the sponges once you've poured the solution over them.
In a crystal molecules join together in a repeating pattern to create a certain shape.
A crystal grows by adding atoms or molecules to all of its sides in the exact same pattern of the previous ones.
MAKE CANDY CRYSTALS
Make your crystals by suspending clean white strings in jars of saturated sugar solutions.
MAKING STALACTITES AND STALAGMITES
Fill two glasses with warm water and dissolve Epsom salts in both glasses.
Suspend a thread of wool in each glass and let the thread hang between the glasses.
Let the process of evaporation take place and by the process of capillary action the solution will creep up
the wool strand and create a stalagmite between the 2 glasses.
DYNAMIC SNOWFLAKE CRYSTALS
Create a snowflake pattern out of pipe cleaners and strings…see Xmas crafts.
Create solutions of either SALT, EPSOM SALT, SUGAR, BORAX, ALUM (aluminium potassium sulphate)
BAKING SODA or COPPER SULPHATE.
Suspend the pipe cleaner snowflake in the glass of solution you've created and watch the process of crystallization create an awesome snowflake of crystals. (a nice Xmas craft)
MAKE FAKE GLASS
Make fake glass by melting 250 mL of sugar and placing on a buttered sheet to cool.
GROW A CRYSTAL GARDEN
You'll need for this experiment:
- 3 clean, dry sponges
- Aluminium pie plate or cake pan
- Glass measuring cup
- 1/4 cup table salt
- 1/4 cup water
- 1/4 cup laundry bluing
  (You can buy bluing at the grocery store under the brand name of
  Mrs. Stewart's Liquid Bluing)
- 2 tablespoons household ammonia
- Mixing bowl
- Metal spoon
- Blue and green food colouring
  1. Arrange the sponges in the pie plate.
    (You can cut the sponges to fit in the pie plate if needed.)
  2. Pour the salt, water, bluing, and ammonia into the mixing bowl
    and stir well to mix.
  3. Pour this mixture over the sponges and then spoon out the
    rest of the thick portion, spreading it out
    evenly over the sponges.
  4. Sprinkle drops of food colouring randomly on the sponges.
  5. Let the pan sit. It may take hours or even days to see the results.

All matter consists of atoms which are composed of negative electrons
and positive charged particles called as well as neutral charged particles
in the nucleus of the atom.
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VINEGAR AND BAKING SODA

MAKE A FIRE EXTINGUISHER
Fire extinguishers use carbon dioxide to smother flames. Place a candle in a cup of water.
Fill the cup with water to within 3 cm. of the top of the candle. Add an alka seltzer tablet and watch the flame disappear!
BLOW UP A BALLOON
Pour vinegar into a wine bottle of water and baking soda...place a balloon over top to trap the carbon dioxide.
DISSOLVE CHALK
Vinegar has the ability to dissolve calcium carbonate.
Drop several pieces of blackboard chalk into a cup of vinegar and watch the chalk dissolve.
Chalk is derived from seashells, which form limestone and become marble under extreme heat and pressure…
metamorphism.
Watch for bubbles of gas as the process occurs…the gas is carbon dioxide.
Water seeping into cracks in limestone deposits eventually creates huge limestone caverns with stalactites
hanging from the ceiling and stalagmites rising from the floor of the cave.
DISSOLVE BONES
Vinegar as an acid has the ability to dissolve calcium in animal and human bones.
Drop some chicken or turkey bones into a jar of vinegar (French - sour wine) and let the bones sit there for a few weeks.
Replace the vinegar every few days and in a few weeks the bones will become quite flexible and rubbery.
EXPLOSION
Place ½ cup and ¼ cup of vinegar in a plastic zip lock bag. Add 1 and ½ tablespoons of baking soda
(wrapped in a 5 by 5 inch paper towel) into the bag.
Sit back and watch as it explodes when the baking soda and vinegar combine.
TURN AN EGG SHELL INTO RUBBER
Punch a tiny hole in both ends of an egg and blow out the contents.
Separate the yolk from the egg white.
(Combine the yolk with a powder paint…it makes a great bonding paint…whip the egg white…
it makes a great frothy addition for cooking.)
Soak the eggshell in vinegar for 10 days, then remove it and dry and powder the shell with talc.
Squeeze the shell and it'll compress then drop it down into some container and it'll pop back into its original shape.
MAKE YOUR OWN COLOURED PAPER
Fill a bowl with water and add 2 tablespoons of vinegar.
- Pour some powdered coloured chalks into several different cups.
- Place a tablespoon of oil into each cup and sir thoroughly. Then pour the contents of each cup into the bowl of water.
- The chalky coloured oil should form large coloured pools on the surface of the water.
- Next lay clean sheets of white paper on the water surface and lift away.
- Dry the papers on sheets of newsprint for 24 hours.
- The coloured oil should stick to the paper and make circles and streaky patterns.
- Negative and positive charged molecules attract to one another.
- The molecules of chalk (a type of calcium carbonate) and vinegar (acetic acid) and water all chemically combine to cause a chemical bond which causes the swirling colours to stick to the paper)
CREATE A VOLCANO
Create a volcano using vinegar, baking soda in a large jar.
Add food colouring if you wish to simulate molten lava.

Acids and bases are substances that are capable of splitting off or taking up hydrogen ions.
Acids are often referred to as proton donors because an H+ ion - hydrogen minus its electron - is simply a proton.
The relationship between [H+] and pH is shown in the table below alongside some common examples of
acids and bases in everyday life. back

	[H⁺]	pH	Example
Acids	1 X 10⁰	0	HCl
	1 x 10^-1	1	Stomach acid
	1 x 10^-2	2	Lemon juice
	1 x 10^-3	3	Vinegar
	1 x 10^-4	4	Soda
	1 x 10^-5	5	Rainwater
	1 x 10^-6	6	Milk
Neutral	1 x 10^-7	7	Pure water
Bases	1 x 10^-8	8	Egg whites
	1 x 10^-9	9	Baking Soda
	1 x 10^-10	10	Tums^® antacid
	1 x 10^-11	11	Ammonia
	1 x 10^-12	12	Mineral Lime - Ca(OH)₂
	1 x 10^-13	13	Drano^®
	1 x 10^-14	14	NaOH

Here's an atom with 6 electrons flying about the nucleus which has 6 protons and 6 neutrons.
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WATER AND CAPILLARY ACTION

MISCIBLE AND IMMISCIBLE
Cut 2 paper strips out of white construction paper.
Dip one strip into oil and the other into water, then drop food colouring on each.
Water will not mix with the oil (It's immiscible) so it will bead up and sit on top of the oil but the food colouring
will dissolve on the water soaked paper strip and spread out. (miscible)
DISSOLVING TEST
Which substance dissolves equally well in both cold and hot water - sugar or salt?
CHROMATOGRAPHY WITH FOOD COLORING
Mix red and blue food colouring together.
Place some mixed drops on strips of coffee filter or white napkins.
Suspend the stained filter papers in water and watch the colours separate.
The water acts as a solvent and because the colours dissolve at different rates,
the colours should separate into purple (red-blue) and light blue areas.
You may try different combinations of food colours - caused by capillary action.
CAPILLARY ACTION
Cut several 1-cm.-paper towel strips and fold the strips back and forth accordion-style.
Place these on a table and let a few water drops fall on the ends and middle of the paper strips.
The paper "worms" should (or better) seem to flutter and turn because the thousands of open holes
in the paper fill with water.
The capillary action expands those parts of the paper and as the paper expands it should move.
ALCOHOL AND WATER
Place some coloured water on a piece of tin foil and drop some alcohol in the centre and watch the water
" flee" from the alcohol.
CORK IN THE MIDDLE
Place a cork on top of a glass of water...keep adding water till the water bulges and the cork will drift to the middle. Why does it finally drift to the middle?
SALT WATER - COOLER?
Which is colder- ice water or salted ice water?
Place 2 thermometers into each of two cups. Place 5 ice cubes into each container.
Pour 1 tablespoon of salt into one container.
Wait 30 minutes for the results and then record the temperatures.
The temperature of the unsalted water should be above freezing (0 degrees) while the salted water should be much lower.
The salt draws heat from the ice and makes it much colder while lowering the freezing point on the thermometer.
Place thermometers in two glasses of water and ice...place salt in one...salt draws heat from the ice.
MAKE A FLOWER CHANGE COLOURS
Place a white flower in coloured water to observe capillary action. Watch the water rise by capillary action.
Water will rise hundreds of feet in the trunks of trees to sustain the plant.
BAD MATH
One and one = one (try 1 cup of water and 1 cup of alcohol) (alcohol molecules mix in with the water molecules)
If you add 1 cup of water and 1 cup of alcohol, you won't get 2 cups - the alcohol molecules squeeze in between
the water molecules and you end up with less than 2 cups!
TIN MAN SKIER
Cut a skier out of tin foil.
Place "him" upright on the surface of water in a pan.
Drop beads of liquid soap behind his skis and watch him scoot forward.
MILK FOOD COLOURING AND SOAP
Pour some milk into a pan. Sprinkle 5 drops of food colouring unto the surface of the milk.
Watch what happens to the colours when you disrupt the surface tension by pouring soap around the edge of the pan.
DISTILLING SALT WATER
Place a solution of salt water on a heater and boil.
Remove the cover and taste the water drops on the inside of the lid…the drops are pure water…the salt stays behind. This would be handy it you've run out of water and you're by the sea.
FOOLING YOUR SENSES
You can use water to fool your sensory perception of hot and cold.
Fill one container with hot water, another with warm water and the final with cold water.
Ask a volunteer to dip his or her hand first into the hot water, then the warm, and then the cold.
See if the volunteer has trouble telling which is which.
WHICH MOVES SLOWER - COLD OR HOT?
Water molecules move more slowly in cold than hot water.
Pour some food colouring into a glass of water and watch how slowly the food colouring dissolves in cold water.
You can freeze and immortalize the process by moving the solution to a freezer to capture the moment.
Try also with hot water.
OIL AND WATER
Oil will not dissolve in water.
This property of oil can be used for some interesting demonstrations.
Fill a glass with some cooking oil.
Drop a coloured ice cube into the oil and watch the colour show as the coloured ice cube melts into the oil.
SURFACE TENSION
Placing a loop of thread in a glass of water can be another good demonstration of surface tension.
Add a drop of soap to the centre of the loop.
The soap will break the surface tension of the water inside the loop.
The stronger surface tension of the water outside the thread will pull the loop into a regular well-defined circle.
BLACK EGG AND BUBBLES
Coat an egg black with carbon soot by holding it over a candle flame.
Drop the blackened egg in water and observe - the carbon will repel water and hold a fine film of air bubbles and
cause the egg to look silver when viewed through the water.
MAKE A WAX GARDEN
Melt several white candles in a small saucepan.
Pour the wax over a pane of glass. Plunge the wax into cold water and lift the glass out of the water.
The wax, being lighter than water will try to rise to the surface of the water and form small peaks as it does.
Shave some coloured wax crayons and melt them and repeat the process...makes an interesting wax garden.
PS - What is wax?
An Endothermic (heat removing) Chemical Reaction
Crush some ice, place the ice in the bottom of a container,
cover this with water and then add some salt.
Record the temperature drop as the salt dissolves in water.
It takes energy to dissolve salt and the salt removes heat from the water.
EXPLODING MARBLES
Heat some marbles in a frying pan.
Dump them into a bowl of ice water and watch them crack…
good to demonstrate the effect of freezing and thawing.
FLOATING EGG
Place an egg in a jar of water.
Demonstrate how to make the egg float by increasing the density of water. (by adding salt)
LAYERS
Do a layer display using levels of corn syrup, water (dyed red) vegetable oil and rubbing alcohol.
Drop in egg white, a piece of Styrofoam or a plastic bead to see how deep each one sinks as it seeks its own specific gravity.
MAKING GIANT BUBBLES
The best bubble making solution calls for 2 parts liquid Dawn or Joy detergent,
4 parts glycerine and 1 part White Karo Syrup.
Another good formula calls for 1 part Dawn or Joy, 10 parts water and 0.25 parts glycerine or Karo Syrup.
EGGS AND OSMOSIS
Demonstrate osmosis by removing part of an eggshell and placing in water...the water will seep
through the membrane and displace the egg yolk.

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CHEMICAL CHANGE

EXPLODING FILM CANISTERS
Place an alka seltzer tablet into a film canister holding water.
Put the lid on tight and watch as they combine to form carbon dioxide and force the lid off explosively.

COFFEE MATE EXPLOSIONS
Sprinkle Coffee Mate over a flame. The particles are so fine that they burn instantly and completely -
almost explosively!

CLEAN OLD PENNIES
Put old pennies in a lemon juice solution...the acid will remove the copper oxide.

Copper plate a nail
Sand the nail...place in a solution of lemon juice and a pinch of salt and a handful of pennies.
Copper reacts with the ascorbic acid of lemon juice to form copper nitrate which will migrate to the nail and coat it.

Burn steel wool
Steel is so fine it actually burns - use a 6 volt battery or a small blow torch

EXOTHERMIC REACTIONS
Add Plaster of Paris to water. Place a thermometer in.
Watch the temperature rise…a great example of an exothermic chemical reaction!
YEAST AND ALCOHOL
Want to see a dramatic creation of carbon dioxide gas? Pour about 1 cup of warm water into a wine bottle. Add several tablespoons of white sugar and several tablespoons of Brewer's Yeast to the water. Cover the opening quickly with a balloon and watch the expansion (perhaps even explosion) The yeast which is a one-celled organism feeds on the sugar and creates alcohol and carbon dioxide as by-products.
OXYGEN ESCAPE
Stick a small piece of clay on the bottom of a small bottle.
Place hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) into the bottle and then drop in some iron rust. (Fe2O3) (Ferric oxide)
Lower the bottle into a bowl of hot tap water…observe the bubbles coming from the water bottle.
A molecule of hydrogen peroxide contains one more atom of oxygen than a molecule of water.
The bubbles you see in the hydrogen peroxide solution are really groupings of "extra"
oxygen atoms being released from the hydrogen peroxide.
SILVERWARE
Place a silver spoon on a tin of aluminium foil; add one teaspoon of baking soda and one teaspoon of salt.
Wrap up and boil for 5 minutes - removes the sulphur tarnish.
GREEN SLIME
Use 4 ounces of Elmer's Glue, green food colouring, 1 teaspoon of Borax, a zip lock bag.
Pour glue into a bowl of water.
Add 10 drops of food colouring.
In a 2nd bowl mix borax with 1 cup of water and dissolve the Borax.
Pour in the coloured glue and remove the thick blob created.
Remove excess water.
The polyringlacetate molecules in the glue act like invisible bike chains drifting around in water
LIFE ON MARS
Have you ever wondered what kinds of experiments robots performed on Mars?
Scientists are dying to find signs of life. Here's a type of what they did.
- Get 250 mL of cornmeal.
- Divide the cornmeal evenly among three glasses.
- Add baking soda (sodium bicarbonate) to glass 2.
- Add yeast to glass 3.
- Dissolve 125 mL of sugar in warm water.
- Pour 1/3 of sugar water solution into each glass.
- Let the solutions sit for a while.
  - A quick fizzle reaction would signify just an ordinary chemical reaction.
  - A reaction that starts slowly and lasts a long time means that you've found something alive and growing.
  - A reaction like this on Mars would mean that you've found possible evidence of life

RUSTING STEEL WOOL
Put a thermometer in a jar and close the lid.
Wait about 5 minutes and write down the temperature.
Remove the thermometer from the jar.
Soak a piece of steel wool in vinegar for one minute.
Squeeze the vinegar out of the steel wool pad. Wrap the steel wool around the bulb of the thermometer.
Place the thermometer and steel wool back into the jar and close the lid.
Wait 5 minutes.
Now take a look at the temperature.
A chemical reaction is a process in which one substance is chemically converted to another.
All chemical reactions involve the formation or destruction of bonds between atoms .
Chemical reactions include the rusting of iron and the digestion of food.
Most chemical reactions give off heat. For example, chemical reactions that occur in digestion
give off heat that keeps our bodies warm and functioning.

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ACIDS AND BASES

PHENOL - CLEAR IN ACID
Place a few drops of phenol (from swimming pool suppliers) into a glass of water.
Blow into the glass of water through a straw. The red solution will pale as it reacts to the
carbon dioxide in your breath.
Unlike litmus paper this chemical turns red in bases and clear in the presence of acids.
Now add baking soda which is a base and the solution will turn red again.
See how many additions of acids and bases your can do till the solution no longer responds.
MESSAGE APPEAR
Paint a message on a sheet of absorbent paper using dilute solution of phenolphthalein indicator
(50 mg in 100 mL of water)
Spray the message with dilute ammonia solution (available in the household cleaner section of any food store).
The message will appear in bright pink letters.
Phenolphthalein is an acid/base indicator that turns pink with basic solutions.
When ammonia dissolves in water forms ammonium hydroxide that is a strong base.
The message rapidly fades as the ammonia evaporates. The ammonium hydroxide is in equilibrium
with ammonia and water. As the ammonia evaporates the equilibrium generates more ammonia until
all of the ammonia has evaporated and the solution no longer contains any ammonium hydroxide. .
The pH will again be below 8 and the message will disappear.
The sign can be repeatedly sprayed to bring back the message.
MAKE YOUR OWN LITMUS
Make your own "litmus paper" indicator by boiling red cabbage and collecting the resulting red liquid.
Use it instead of litmus paper. The students will enjoy it more.
INVISIBLE INK
1 tablespoon of flour and 20 mL of water swabbed on paper...
reveal with iodine swab or just try lemon juice and heat over a flame.
LEMON JUICE SECRET MESSAGE
Use a q tip to write a "secret message" with lemon juice on a sheet of white paper. Mist spray the message with
red cabbage juice indicator. Lemon juice is an acid so the message will appear in red as cabbage juice indicator will
turn cabbage juice red.

Mystery White Powders
Testing substance	Red cabbage juice	Water reaction	Iodine reaction	Vinegar reaction	Mystery powder is?
Types of reactions	Red equals an acid, blue or green equals a base	Dissolve or doesn't dissolve, fizzles or hardens	Black indicates presence of starch or sugar	A strong fizzle equals the presence of baking soda	Choose from: alum, baking soda, corn starch, calcium carbonate, flour
Powder A
Powder B
Powder C
Powder D
Powder E
Powder F

	Your Name
	Group members

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FOOD SCIENCE

Microwave marshmallows
The microwaves cause molecules of water to vibrate billions of times a second.
Demonstrate the power of the electromagnetic radiation of microwave ovens which cause the molecules of the water present in marshmallows to vibrate and change polarity up to 1 billion times per second
(place several marshmallows in a microwave to test)
Microwaves are very short waves of electromagnetic energy that travel at the speed of light.
(270 kilometres per second)
CREATE ALCOHOL
Let some juice ferment...turns sour and creates alcohol and carbon dioxide!
SUGAR AND YEAST
Dissolve a yeast package in 1/2 cup of 110-degree water.
Pour into 3 glasses.
Place sugar into one glass, corn syrup into another and cornstarch into the third.
Place the glasses in the bottom of a large pan and cover the bottom of the pan with the 110-degree water.
Yeast contains an enzyme called zymase, which acts as a catalyst to change sugar into carbon dioxide and alcohol.
Glucose is the principle food of yeast so fermentation begins immediately in corn syrup.
Glucose is present in sucrose (sugar) and starch but these have to break down into simple sugars first so you
should see most dramatic results in the corn syrup first.
STARCH AND IODINE
How do you know if certain substances contain starch?
Starch, a substance in plants, gives us energy…as do sugars and fats).
Chemists are especially interested in starch because it's a compound of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen.
This experiment tests for the presence of starch in certain solutions.
Plants by the process of photosynthesis make their own food from the energy of the sun.
They change water and carbon dioxide into glucose, a kind of sugar and oxygen.
The sugar is then turned into starch. Spoon cornstarch into a bottle of water.
Add a few drops of iodine (a good tester for the presence of starch).
If the water turns dark blue of purple, starch is present.
SUGAR TURNS BLACK
Place sugar on a spoon and cook over a flame...the carbon in the sugar turns black.
GROW MOULD
Watch mould grow on an open saucer of some substance left exposed to the air.
MAKING GELATIN
Collagen is a protein in cartilage, tendons, ligaments and bones that give these firmness and flexibility.
When you boil these substances in water, a smoother softer protein called gelatine results.
Food chemists dry and powder gelatine and add food colouring and sugar to create jelly.
You can boil bones (veal works best) to create gelatine.
LEMON JUICE AS A FOOD PRESERVATIVE
Cut an apple into 4 parts.
Dip 2 apple slices into lemon juice then remove and let all 4 slices sit for several hours.
When exposed to oxygen, certain chemicals in the apple react by destroying the fruit cells that turn brown.
But the ascorbic acid in lemon juice slows down the reaction between the chemicals in fruit and the
oxygen in the air and preserves the apple slices.
PASTEURIZING
French winemakers were dismayed when wine supplies turned rancid.
A French scientist called Louis Pasteur discovered that the microbes that fermented grape juice
used sugar from the grapes as food and produced alcohol and carbon dioxide but the microbes
that RUINED the wine used alcohol formed by the first microbes as food.
It was the waste of these second microbes that gave the wine a bad taste.
SO…he created the process of pasteurization by gently heating the wine to denature the protein in the microbes.
WHAT IS YEAST?
Yeast seeds are one-celled plants that are distant cousins of mushrooms and other plants that do not contain
chlorophyll, which would enable them to make their own food by photosynthesis.
Yeast plants, must make their own food from their surroundings.
EXPLODING LIFE SAVERS
Get some Wint-O-Green Life Savers, zip lock storage bags, a wooden block and a hammer.
Crack the lifesavers in the zip lock bags over the wood block. You'll see bluish green light coming from the candies.
This is caused by the substance methyl salicylate that gives off light in a process called triboluminescence.
MAKE MARSHMALLOWS
Marshmallows are actually a polymer gel, a semi rigid material made up of a random network of crystals with
liquid filling up any spaces.
The result is marshmallow cream that becomes marshmallows when allowed to dry.
- Place 1/2 cup of cold water in a bowl.
- Sprinkle on three 1/4 envelopes of unflavoured gelatine. Stir to mix.
- Let stand for one hour.
- Pour 2 cups of granulated sugar and 3/4-cup light corn syrup into a pan.
- Stir over low heat until the syrup begins to boil.
- Put a lid on and let cook for 3 minutes…this allows any sugar crystals forming to dissolve into the syrup.
- Remove the lid and let cook without stirring till the temperature reaches 118 degrees Celsius.
- Now pour the syrup over the gelatine and whip with a beater (about 10 minutes)
- Add 2 tablespoons of vanilla, beating again for a minute.
- Dust a spoon with cornstarch.
- Scoop up a spoonful of the mixture and place on a cookie sheet.
- Repeat the dusting procedure till you've used up the mixture.
- Set for 24 hours.
STARCH - CHECKING FOR
How do you know if certain substances contain starch? Starch, a substance in plants, gives us energy
(as do sugars and fats). Chemists are especially interested in starch because it's a compound of carbon,
hydrogen and oxygen. This experiment tests for the presence of starch in certain solutions.
Plants by the process of photosynthesis make their own food from the energy of the sun.
They change water and carbon dioxide into glucose, a kind of sugar, and oxygen.
The sugar is then turned into starch. Spoon cornstarch into a bottle of water.
Add a few drops of iodine (a good tester for the presence of starch).
If the water turns dark blue of purple, starch is present.
GLUCOSE AND YEAST
Dissolve a yeast package in 1/2 cup of 110 degree water. Pour into 3 glasses.
Place sugar into one glass, corn syrup into another and corn starch into the third.
Place the glasses in the bottom of a large pan and cover the bottom of the pan with the 110 degree water.
Yeast contains an enzyme called zymase which acts as a catalyst to change sugar into
carbon dioxide and alcohol. Glucose is the principle food of yeast so fermentation begins
immediately in corn syrup. Glucose is present in sucrose (sugar) and starch but these have
to break down into simple sugars first so you should see most dramatic results in the corn syrup first.

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AIR PRESSURE

EGG IN A BOTTLE
Place a hard boiled egg (minus the shell) on the mouth of a glass container.
Toss a burning paper into the jar to consume the oxygen and pull the egg in.
The fire will consume the oxygen inside the bottle, creating a partial vacuum and
the air pressure (1 kg. per square cm.) will force the egg into the container.
To remove the egg merely blow into the bottle and the increased pressure will force the egg out.
Formula for hard boiled eggs:
- Place an egg in water and bring to a boil.
- Let the egg sit in water for 20 minutes.
- Place the egg in cold water for 5 minutes. Remove the eggshell.
TIN CAN AND FLAME
Extinguish a candle flame using a tin can, a balloon stretched over one side and a hole in the other lid of the
can. Snap the can with your finger and the resulting air waves will extinguish the flame.
AIR PRESSURE AND A FLAME
Place a tin can in front of a burning candle. Blow through a straw right at the can and the air molecules will wrap
around the can and extinguish the flame as well.

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MISCELLANEOUS

BALL AND RING
Demonstrate the steel ball and ring expansion and contraction of metals
STATIC AND SEPARATION
Separate salt, pepper and sand using static electricity and evaporation and filtering

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TRIVIA

When 2 atoms of hydrogen combine with 1 of oxygen a water molecule is created…H2O
The human body is 66% water so there you are…negative, positive and neutral electrical charges.
Fish can survive the winter in Polar Regions without freezing due to chemicals in their blood that prevents
them from freezing, much like car antifreeze keeps the radiator from same.
During one day in the city we inhale up to 9 000 litres of air. All that air hold 20 billion particles of foreign matter
including dirt, dust and chemicals.
The digestive system breaks down food, turning it into chemicals for the body to use.
The liver distributes chemicals taken from food by the digestive system.
According to Dr. Bruce Ames of California there are over 1,000 chemicals in a cup of coffee;
only 26 have been tested, and half caused cancer in rats.
The bombardier beetle produces 2 harmless chemicals that when mixed react together form
a boiling hot spray of chemicals that it shoots as burning mixture at attackers with an explosive sound,
and rarely misses its mark.
Increasing herbicide use has created a jungle of at least 48 "super-weeds" that are resistant to chemicals.
Artichokes contain phytochemicals - antioxidants that are beneficial in the prevention of some cancers.
Pigs, dogs, and some other animals can taste water, but people cannot. Humans don't actually taste the water;
they taste the chemicals and impurities in the water.
A lump of pure gold the size of a matchbox can be flattened into a sheet the size of a tennis court.
30 mL of gold can be stretched into a wire over 80 kilometres long.
There is enough energy (strong force holding together 232 protons) in a paperclip of Uranium 232
to blow up a whole city. That's what splitting an atom does.
The scientists who set off the first atomic bomb at a test site in Alamogordo New Mexico weren't sure
that the reaction would stop.
Mercury is the only metal that is liquid at room temperature.
The most abundant metal in the Earth's crust is aluminium.
The only rock that floats in water is pumice.
Scientists believe that hydrogen comprises approximately 90-99 % of all matter in the universe.
Matter flows from the Sun at a rate of 1 million tons per sec.
Each cell in your body contains an average of 90 trillion atoms.
You also have nearly 400 000 radioactive atoms disintegrating into other atoms in your body each second.
The glue of a barnacle cannot be dissolved with strong acids or temperatures set as high as 226 degrees Celsius.
Drinking decaffeinated coffee produced more gastric acids than that produced by peptone,
a product of protein digestion considered to be the strongest stimulant of acid secretion in the stomach.

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