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i. primary suffixes (1-13) a. verb (1) b. adjectives (2-10) c. nouns (11-13) ii. derived suffixes (14-81) a. abstract nouns (14-67) (i) diagnostic (14-50) (a) in "-is" and "-y" (14-22) (b) in "-es/is" (23-25) (c) in "-ia" and "-os/is" (26-35) (d) other endings (36-42) (e) prefixed endings (43-50) (I) "-ec- (43-44) (II) "-dys-" (45-48) (III) "-a-" (49-50) (ii) therapeutic (51-64) (iii) either diagnostic or therapeutic (65-67) b. concrete nouns (68-78) (i) in "-e" (68-71) (ii) endings consisting of the base alone (72-78) c. adjectives with special meanings (79-81) iii. inflectional endings (82-86) a. nominative singular nouns (82-85) b. nominative singular adjectives (2-10 and 86)B. Notes
i. nouns a. verbal force of abstract nouns b. combination of terminations c. interchangeability of "-ia," "-is," "-y" and "-es/is" ii. adjectives a. adjectival suffixes replace noun suffixes b. "-s/is" becomes "-t/ic" c. exceptional forms (i) "-edemat/ous," "-spast/ic" and "-ec/tat/ic" (ii) "-x" becomes "-ct-" d. translation of adjectives; "pertaining to;" ambiguities iii. combining vowels a. definition (i) usage before terminations (ii) a second rule (iii) "-o-" is the most frequently used combining vowel b. regarded as an integral part of some terminations iv. common sense a. terminations with two meanings, depending upon the base (i) verbal as opposed to substantive bases, with (a) "-ize" (b) "-ist" (c) "-in" (ii) other relevant aspects of bases, with (a) "-orrhea" (b) "-orrhagia" and "-cele" (c) "-algia," "-odynia" and "-lith" (d) "-phagy" b. translation of adjectives with special meanings c. "-genic" and "-genous" d. "-ic/al" v. Latin inflectional endings a. composition of Latin adjectives in "-us," "-a" and "-um" b. composition of Latin adjectives in "-is" and "-e" c. Greek neuters in "-on"TO TOP OF THIS PAGE
general terms (1-8) the head (9-16) the neck, shoulder, arm and hand (17-24) the trunk (25-32) the leg and foot (33-35)B. Notes
i. subordination a. examples b. definition c. levels of meaning ii. coordination a. example b. definition iii. common sense a. reversal of elements b. avoidance of ambiguity c. uncertainty of number and degree of specificity d. "p. t. " for "pertaining to" iv. the combining vowel a. rules of usage (i) before terminations (ii) between combining forms b. exceptions (i) new derived suffixes (ii) doubled combining forms (iii) application of subordination and coordination v. coalescence a. example and definition b. infrequency of occurrence vi. apparently irregular inflectional endings a. nouns in "-is" b. assimilated nominative singular endings (i) "-x" = "-c/s" (ii) "-d/s" becomes "-s"TO TOP OF THIS PAGE
i. bones (1-39) general terms (1-3) the skull, collar bone, arm and hand (4-14) the shoulder blade and spine (15-20) the chest (21-23) the hip (24-31) the leg and ankle (32-39) ii. connectors (40-50) cartilage (40-41) muscle (42-43) ligaments (46-50)B. Notes
i. phonetics a. "-c-" and "-g-" (i) pronounced "hard" before back vowels (ii) pronounced "soft" before front vowels (iii) "-cs-" and "-gs-" written "-x-" b. interchangeability of "-c-" and "-k-" c. intrusive letters (i) "-e-" in (a) "glut/e/o" and (b) "oste/o" (ii) "-r-" becomes "-rr-" ii. common sense a. expanded translations (i) additional words needed (ii) additional words which improve the translation b. "-ost/os/is" c. "-os-" d. bones of the skull e. "-i-" as a combining vowel iii. Nomina Anatomica a. definition; rules (i) adjectives follow nouns (ii) adjectives agree with nouns (a) in gender (b) in number(c) in case (d) distribution of categories, by chapter (iii) lack of articles b. masculine singular nominatives (i) nouns (ii) adjectives (iii) Latin phrases used in English (iv) example medical phrases (v) nominative distinguished from possessive c. strategy for translation d. apparently irregular inflectional endings (i) in "-x" (ii) in "-o" (iii) consisting of the base, with vowel change (iv) "os" (v) nouns in "-is"TO TOP OF THIS PAGE
i. nervous system (1-14) the brain (1-5) nerves (7-14) ii. the eye (15-34) general terms (15-17) parts of the eye (18-31) tear sac (32-34) iii. the ear (35-39)B. Notes
i. common sense a. double terminations (i) subordinated (ii) coordinated b. two bases followed by a nominative singular noun ending c. "dacry/o" and "lacrim/o" d. "-i-" as a combining vowel ii. Nomina Anatomica a. review b. feminine singular nominatives (i) nouns (ii) adjectives (iii) Latin phrases used in English (iv) example medical phrases c. translation by intermediate stages d. apparently irregular inflectional endings (i) in "-x" (ii) "-d/s" becomes "-s" (iii) "-mat" becomes "-ma" (Greek nominative singular)TO TOP OF THIS PAGE
Link to Chapter 5 (Sample Chapter)A. Combining Forms Used to Describe the CIRCULATORY SYSTEMS and GLANDS (1-40)
i. cardiovascular system (1-21) the blood (1-7) the heart (8-13) vessels (14-21) ii. lymphatic system (22-26) iii. glands (27-40) general terms (27-30) specific glands (31-40)B. Notes
i. substances a. in words with verbal terminations b. in words with nominative singular noun endings ii. glands a. special use of "-ism" b. in words with verbal terminations iii. common sense a. the ending "-(h)em/ia" (i) possible translations (ii) translation of "-(h)em/ic" b. translation of "-plast/ic" c. necessary additions in translation d. an example of reversal of words in translation e. "-ostomy" added to two bases f. illogical words g. a rare use of an adjective as a noun h. "haem" and "angei" as variant spellings iv. the combining vowel a. absence in "lymph/aden" and "lymph/angi-" b. absence due to coalescence c. "plasm/a" v. coalescence: "-lyze" vi. Nomina Anatomica a. review b. neuter singular nominatives (i) nouns (ii) adjectives (iii) Latin phrases used in English (iv) examples of medical phrases c. chart showing agreement of nouns and adjectives d. apparently irregular nominative endings (i) in the base alone (ii) "-ma" from "-mat" (iii) a plural form: "insul/ae"Link to Chapter 5 (Sample Chapter)
i. respiratory system (1-20) the nose 1-5 from the pharynx to the bronchi 6-11 the lungs 12-17 breathing and air 18-20 ii. nominative plurals (21-25) iii. diminutives (26-30)B. Notes
i. substances a. review b. use of to facilitate examination (i) example (ii) rule: the recording of x, involving a substance ii. common sense a. "pneum-" (i) "pneumat-" versus "pneumon-" (ii) words containing the short base "pneum-" b. organs or parts referred to in the plural iii. Nomina Anatomica a. review b. plural nouns and adjectives c. words with two combining forms (i) plural endings added to long form (ii) an exception involving diminutives (iii) an exception involving adjectival elements d. rules for the formation of plurals (i) for masculine singulars in "-us" "-i" (ii) for feminine singulars in "-a" "-ae" (iii) neuter singulars (a) most plurals end in "-a" (b) for singulars in "-e" "-ia" (iv) for other masculine and feminine singulars "-es" e. Latin phrases used in English f. chart of noun and adjective types g. diminutives: examples literally defined h. apparently irregular inflectional endings (i) rare plurals in "-us" (ii) singulars in "-o" (iii) singulars in "-ma" (plural "-mat/a") (iv) singulars in "-x"TO TOP OF THIS PAGE
i. oral (1-17) the jaws and chin (1-5) the mouth (6-12) the palates (13-17) ii. dental (18-27) the tooth (18-19) surrounding tissues (20-22) parts of the tooth (23-27) iii. dental locatives (28-38) forms which are exclusively locative (28-33) forms which are anatomic or locative according to context (34- 38)B. Notes
i. locatives a. adjectival force of b. forms which are anatomic or locative c. tooth angles, cavity angles; line and point angles (i) formula for translation (ii) order of elements in translation d. cavity angles must contain "pulp-," "axi-" or "gingiv-" e. exceptions (i) "axi/o-x-o/lingu/al" (ii) ". . . -cervic/al" (iii) words describing both tooth and cavity angles f. examples ii. common sense a. plural of "-it/is" is "-it/id/es" b. translation of "-it/id/es" iii. Nomina Anatomica: apparently irregular inflectional endings a. nominative singulars in "-ma" b. "os" = "mouth" (from "or/s") versus "os" = "bone" c. "-ns" from "-nt/s"TO TOP OF THIS PAGE
i. bones of the head (1-18) large bones, front to back; atlas (1-4) the temporal bone and its parts (5-9) other bones of the head (10-18) ii. more terminations (19-33) a. diagnostic (19-27) concerning poison (24-27) b. therapeutic (28-33)B. Notes
i. terminations a. alternate forms b. terminations which are either diagnostic or therapeutic ii. common sense a. words in "-oid" b. the ambiguity of "mast/o" c. "-os-" (adjectival) iii. Nomina Anatomica a. Latin phrases (i) level of translation (ii) sutures b. apparently irregular inflectional endings (i) "-nt/s" becomes "-s"(ii) "os" = "bone"TO TOP OF THIS PAGE
general terms (1-8) the esophagus, stomach and omentum (9-14) the intestinal tract and accessory organs (15-33) substances (34-43) two non-initial combining forms (44-45)B. Notes
i. ducts a. "hepat/ic/o" and "pancreat/ic/o" b. bile ducts c. examples ii. common sense a. "-lith/o/tom/y" b. operative terms beginning with "celi/o" and "lapar/o" c. two meanings of "-o/stom/y" d. "-tox/em/ia" iii. Nomina Anatomica a. Latin phrases: "musculus sphincter" b. apparently irregular inflectional endings (i) nominatives in "-en" (ii) "viscus" and "viscer/a" (iii) "hepar" from "hepat-" (iv) "-t/s" becomes "-s" (v) "x" = "c/s" (vi) rare plurals in "-us"TO TOP OF THIS PAGE
i. general (1-4) ii. urinary (5-17) substances (5-9) the kidney (10-13) the ureter, bladder and urethra (14-17) iii. genital (18-51) a. male (18-32) semen (18-19) the scrotum and testis (20-25) the seminal vesicles, prostate and penis (26-32) b. female (33-51) the ovum and menses (33-35) the ovary, uterine tube and uterus (36-44) the vagina and external genitalia (45-51)B. Notes
i. common sense a. operative terms beginning with "lumb/o" or "colp/o" b. urinary elements c. "cyst/ic/o" = "the cystic duct" d. "ur/ic/o" = "uric acid" e. more specific meanings for some general terms denoting shapes ii. Nomina Anatomica a. Latin phrases (i) "organa genitalia" (ii) "vas deferens" (iii) "glans penis" and "cervix uteri" (iv) "labia minora" b. apparently irregular inflectional endings (i) in "-en" (ii) in the base alone (iii) "epididymides" (iv) "x" = "g/s"TO TOP OF THIS PAGE
i. bases (1-17) ii. terminations (18-31) "-phob-" (18-19), "-phil-" (20-24) and "-man-" (25-27)B. Notes
i. common sense a. new meanings for known forms (i) "phren-," "neur-" and "hyster-" (ii) apparently illogical words b. the (rare) use of adjectives as if they were nouns (i) explanation(ii)examples c. "pseud/o" (i) examples (ii) explanation (iii) a rule for translation ii. a brief list of psychological problemsTO TOP OF THIS PAGE
water and air (1-4) substances of the body (5-28) other substances (29-72) tumors (73-74)B. Notes
i. substances a. as a general class of terms b. with "-pexy" and "-lysis" ii. membranes a. synovial, mucous and serous membranes b. serous coats iii. common sense a. "hyal/o" and "vitre/o" b. "kerat/o" c. "anthrac/o" d. "-os-" e. "-in-"TO TOP OF THIS PAGE
i. common in medical terminology (1-25) ii. common in technical English (26-40) iii. less common (41-48)B. Notes
i. problems of translation a. a warning about difficulty; prefixes are determinants b. prefixes go closely with the element following c. the adjectival force of prefixes d. examples e. translation of adjectives indicating location: "(situated)" ii. metaphorical extensions of meaning a. prepositions usually denote spatial relationships b. non-spatial meanings are metaphorical extensions of meaning (i) time (an extension of space) (ii) excessiveness (an extension of "above") (iii) insufficiency (an extension of "below") iii. common sense a. previously learned bases which include prefixes b. new forms are to be translated literally c. double prefixes d. variance in meaning between medical and non-medical words e. free-standing Latin prepositions in phrases used in English iv. phonetics and spelling a. prefixes never take combining vowels, and rarely lose vowels b. assimilation (i) definition (ii) rarity in medical terminology (iii) frequency in technical English; a listTO TOP OF THIS PAGE
i. English locative prefixes (1-19) ii. locative terminations (20-21) iii. Latin locatives (22-29) iv. adjectives ending in "-ior" (30-31) v. possessive singulars (32-34)B. Notes
i. common sense a. order of translation; similarity to prepositional prefixes as subcategory of determinants b. the termination "-ad" ii. Nomina Anatomica a. comparatives (i) regular ending; translation (ii) correspondence of compared parts (iii) old comparative forms (a) in "-(t)(e)r-" (b) double comparatives (iv) confusion in English b. adjectives in "-ior" c. possessive singular endings (i) "-is" for most otherwise unpredictable words (ii) added to the long form of the base (iii) apparent ambiguity, compared to nominative plurals d. nouns and adjectives in the possessive case (i) review of rules for Latin phrases; new rules (a) any first word is a nominative noun (b) any subsequent noun is possessive (c) adjectives follow their nouns (ii) phrases used in English (iii) medical phrases (iv) patterns exhibited by phrases (a) noun + (adjective +) noun + noun. . . . (b) noun + noun + adjective. . . . (v) to modify a possessive noun, an adjective must have a possessive ending (vi) example phrases; a method of translation e. apparently irregular inflectional endings (i) words which are adjectives by nature (ii) variants of the "-us" and "-is" types; a chartTO TOP OF THIS PAGE
i. denoting quantity (1-35) a. prefixes (1-32) b. terminations used with numbers (33-35) ii. denoting color (36-45) iii. denoting size and shape (46-59) iv. denoting other qualities (60-80)B. Notes
i. determinants a. definition b. a pattern of translation ii. further problems of translation a. when a noun is implied (i) unspecific nouns (ii) specific noun implied by determinants denoting colors b. "(a)n-" in nouns versus adjectives c. translation of "an/is-" d. agreement of English adjectives of quantity iii. metaphorical extensions of meaning a. "normality" (an extension of "straight") b. "normality" (an extension of "good") iv. common sense a. the implication of "excessiveness" b. determinants implying "normality" in words with terminations implying "abnormality" v. gynecology a. terminations (i) denoting child-bearing and pregnancy (ii) abbreviations of (iii) adjectival nature of b. words describing fetuses (i) fetuses affected as indicated by determinants (ii) adjectival nature of such wordsTO TOP OF THIS PAGE
i. openings (1-4) ii. cavities (5-14) iii. projections (15-16) iv. tubes and cords (17-20) v. partitions (21-24) vi. spheroids (25-29) vii. nets and coverings (30-32) viii. connectors (33-37) ix. bends and folds (38-39) x. miscellaneous (40-54)B. Notes
i. metaphorical extensions of meaning a. objects named for other objects, because of shape b. a literal translation: "a structure resembling" c. relationship to determinants; adjectival qualifiers added in translation ii. common sense: previously learned shape-words a. "ventr/i" and "pariet/o" b. "cervic/o" iii. diminutives iv. Nomina Anatomica: apparently irregular inflectional endings a. in "-en" b. "venter" c. consisting of the base alone d. in "-s" from "-t/s" e. rare plurals in "-us" f. in "-o" g. in "-ma" h. consisting of the base, with vowel change; "-s" from "-r/s"TO TOP OF THIS PAGE
i. locatives (1-16) a. nouns (1-12) b. adjectives (13-16) ii. other determinants (17-46) a. denoting size and shape (17-25) b. denoting other qualities (26-27) c. denoting function (28-46) iii. shapes (47-89) a. nouns (47-82) (i) openings (47-49) (ii) indentations (50-55) (iii) cavities (56-57) (iv) projections (58-65) (v) tree parts (66-68) (vi) nets and coverings (69-72) (vii) connectors (73-76) (viii) bends and folds (77-79) (ix) miscellaneous (80-82) b. adjectives (83-89) iv. possessive plurals (90-92)B. Notes
i. common sense a. review of the usage of the possessive singular b. occasional ambiguity in Latin phrases c. avoiding ambiguity in English phrases d. predictable forms ii. comparatives and superlatives a. review of comparatives b. superlatives c. regular comparative and superlative endings (i) comparative: "-ior" (ii) superlative: "-(iss)im/us" d. Latin phrases used in English iii. compound words a. prevalence b. list of some word-groups iv. possessive plural endings a. review of possessive singular forms b. formation of possessive plurals, in terms of possessive singulars (i) "-orum" for all singulars in "-i" (ii) "-arum" for all singulars in "-ae" (iii) "-(i)um" for all singulars in "-is" v. nouns and adjectives in the possessive case a. phrases used in English b. examples of translation vi. apparently irregular inflectional endings a. general note b. adjectives (i) in "-or" (ii) "major" and "minor" (iii) in "-ns" (iv) all as variants of "-is" type; a chart c. nouns (i) variance is mostly in nominative singulars (a) in "-itas" (b) in "-io" (c) in "-e" (ii) two other word-types (a) rare plurals in "-us" (b) singulars in "-u" (c) singulars and plurals in "-es"TO TOP OF THIS PAGE
i. indicators of disorder (1-8) prefixed forms (1-7) termination (8) ii. congenital disorders (9-18) prefixed forms (9-15) terminations (16-18) iii. parasitic organisms involved in disorders (19-34) prefixed forms (19-32) general (19-20) specific parasites (21-32) terminations (33-34) iv. other disorders (35-52) prefixed forms (35-51) termination (52)B. Notes
i. diagnostic determinants a. terminations used as prefixes b. terminations used as separate words c. diagnostic nature of combining forms denoting disorder; their determinant nature d. in words ending "-ia" and "-osis" (i) reversibility (ii) examples ii. congenital disorders a. review of gynecology and fetuses; "-pag/us" and "-didym/us" b. occasional use of terms for non-congenital conditions iii. medical phrases in English (not part of the Nomina Anatomica) a. versus Latin phrases (i) identity of meaning (ii) subtle differences of meaning (iii) specificity of the relationship denoted by possessive endings b. confusions in usage (i) examples (ii) explanation iv. common sense a. "-gen/ic" used as a synonym of "-gen/ous" b. words ending with "-cocc/us" c. a formula for translation v. Latin words a. those in this chapter are not part of the Nomina Anatomica b. (rare) Greek nominative singulars in "-es"TO TOP OF THIS PAGE
i. more Latin nouns (1-13) general (1-3) specific body parts (4-13) ii. combining forms with various denotations (14-43) a. radiation (14-10) b. various qualities (20-24) c. life and death (25-33) d. life forms (34-38) e. miscellaneous (39-43) iii. more terminations (44-52)B. Notes
i. common sense a. "ichthyotoxin" b. radiation, as a class of terms c. diagnostic determinants ii. Nomina Anatomica: apparently irregular inflectional endings a. use of English derivatives to find combining forms b. (rare) plurals in "-us" and singulars in "-u"TO TOP OF THIS PAGE
i. nouns (1-10) ii. adjectives (11-14) iii. verb stems (15-26) iv. conjunctions (27-30) v. adverbs (31-36) vi. inflectional endings (37-47) a. nouns and adjectives (37-41) (i) accusative (37-38) (a) singulars (37) (b) plurals (38) (ii) prepositional (39-41) (a) singulars (39) (b) plurals (40-41) b. verbs (42-47) (i) indicative active (42-43) (a) third person singulars (42) (b) third person plurals (43) (ii) subjunctive active (44-45) (a) third person singulars (44) (b) third person plurals (45) (iii) indicative and subjunctive passive (46) (iv) imperative (47) vii. participles (48-50) a. present active (48) b. future passive (49) c. past passive (50)B. Notes
i. Latin phrases outside the Nomina Anatomica a. frequent forms; a reference to Appendix II b. noun and adjective inflectional endings are here simplified c. verbal and participial endings are here simplified d. endings of this chapter are not in the Indices e. variety in order of nouns and adjectives f. abbreviations are frequent g. use of Latin prepositions presented in Chapter 13 ii. noun and adjective endings: general notes a. review of possessives b. correspondence of endings by types determined by the possessive singular; a chart (i) identity of neuter accusatives and nominatives (ii) shared characteristics of case endings c. the use of context in resolving ambiguities iii. accusative endings a. usage (i) object of verbs (ii) object of prepositions b. examples of singulars in Latin phrases used in English (i) after verbs (ii) after certain prepositions (a) ante (b) post (c) ad (d) per (e) in c. examples of plurals in Latin phrases used in English (i) after verbs (ii) after certain prepositions iv. prepositional endings a. usage: for prepositional ideas, excepting "motion toward" b. examples of singulars in Latin phrases used in English (i) preposition expressed in Latin (ii) preposition unexpressed in Latin c. examples of plurals in Latin phrases used in English v. verbs: general notes on inflectional endings a. subjects are often unexpressed in Latin b. contrasting pairs, for study (i) singular versus plural (ii) indicative versus subjunctive (iii) active versus passive c. correspondence between vowels of verb endings, across types as determined by the third person plural; a chart d. the active and passive voices; some verbs are active in form but passive in meaning vi. the indicative active a. usage: the indicative mood as distinct from the subjunctive b. examples of the third person singular in Latin phrases used in English c. examples of the third person plural in Latin phrases used in English vii. the subjunctive active a. usage (i) voices and moods (ii) idiomatic usage, in third person commands (iii) use in conditional phrases b. examples of the third person singular in Latin phrases used in English c. examples of the third person plural in Latin phrases used in English viii. the passive voice a. usage: the active and passive voices; some verbs are passive in form but active in meaning b. examples in Latin phrases used in English (i) verbs passive in form and meaning (ii) verbs passive in form but active in meaning ix. the imperative mood a. usage: second person commands b. examples in Latin phrases used in English x. participles: general notes a. adjectives, formed from verb stems b. verbal aspects c. forms of the endings xi. the present participle a. usage: active in voice, denoting action in progress b. examples in Latin phrases used in English xii. the future passive participle a. usage (i) expresses obligation, when in the nominative; absence of passivity and obligation in non-nominative cases (ii) necessary flexibility in translation b. examples in Latin phrases used in English (i) obligation implied (ii) obligation not implied xiii. the past passive participle a. usage: denotes completed action; necessary flexibility in translation b. examples in Latin phrases used in English xiv. abbreviations a. form and usage (i) inconsistencies (a) multiplicity of referents (b) multiplicity of forms (ii) some patterns exist (iii) acronyms are not used b. patterns, in descending order of frequency, with examples (i) initial letter-groups (a) using logical word division (b) not using logical word division (ii) initial single letters (iii) whole words, with initial single letters or groups (a) prepositions, adverbs and conjunctions are rarely abbreviated (b) other words, rarely, are not abbreviated (iv) initial and later letters (a) first and last (b) second letter not final (v) combinations of the above c. plurality expressed by duplication of initial or other letter xv. Nomina Anatomica a. review of the rule on cases and word-order; new rules (i) two words in the same case may be joined by "et" (ii) two nouns so joined take a plural adjective (iii) prepositions are very rarely used b. examples xvi. apparently irregular inflectional endings a. nominative singular and plurals in "-es" b. use of English derivatives to determine combining forms c. an adjective used as a nounTO TOP OF THIS PAGE