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1. hem(at)/o (haem-) (hemorrhage) blood
x-(h)em/ia the abnormal presence
of blood in x
2. sangu/in/o, sangu/i (sanguine) blood
3. hem/o/glob/in/o (globe) hemoglobin
4. plasm(at)/o, plasm/a (plastic) plasma
5. thromb/o (thromboid) clot thromb/us
6. thromb/o/cyt/o ("clot cell") blood platelet
7. sphygm/o (sphygmometer) pulse
8. card(i)/o (cardiac) heart
9. aort/o, aort/ic/o ("hanger") aorta aort/a
10. valv(ul)/o ("door-leaf") valve valv(/ul)/a
11. ventr/i/cul/o ("little belly") ventricle ventr/i/cul/us
12. peri/card(i)/o (perimeter) pericardium peri/cardi/um
13. my/o/card(i)/o (heart muscle) myocardium my/o/cardi/um
14. angi/o (angei-) (angiogram) vessel
15. vas/o, vas/cul/o (vase) vessel vas
16. arter(i)/o ("air-pipe") artery arteri/a
17. phleb/o (phlebitis) vein
18. ven/o (vehicle) vein ven/a
19. cap/ill/ar/o ("hair") capillary
20. varic/o (varicose) varix varix
21. cirs/o varix
ii. LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
22. lymph/o, lymphat/o (limpid) lymph lympha
23. lymph/angi/o (angi/o) lymph vessel
24. lymph/aden/o (aden/o) lymph node lymph/aden
25. splen/o (splenetic) spleen
26. lien/o ("milt") spleen lien
iii. GLANDS
27. (endo)crin/o (endocrine) secretion
28. hormon/o ("urger") hormone
29. aden/o (adenoid) gland
30. gland/ul/o ("little acorn") gland gland/ul/a
31. pine/al/o (pinecone) pineal gland
32. hypo/phys(e)/o (physiology) pituitary hypo/phys/is
gland
33. par/ot(id)/o (ot/o) parotid gland
34. thyr(oid)/o ("shield-like") thyroid gland
35. para/thyr/o, parathyroid gland
para/thyr/oid/o
36. thym/o (thyme [?]) thymus thym/us
37. ad/ren/o, (renal) adrenal gland
ad/ren/al/o
38. supra/ren/o, adrenal gland
supra/ren/al/o
39. insul/o (insular) islets of insul/ae
Langerhans
40. gonad/o (genesis) gonad
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a. Consider the word "hematocele." The two possible translations you might generate ("the protrusion of blood" and "the protrusion of something through the blood") do not make sense. In fact the translation is "the protrusion of something, involving blood." Two formulas should be learned, which are applicable where "S" is a substance.
(i) S-o-cele the protrusion of something, involving S (ii) S-o-x-o-cele the protrusion of (something through) x, involving SOther combinations involving a verbal termination and a substance should be examined carefully, as they can often be translated in similar ways.
b. On the analogy of words like "rhinencephalon" (see Chapter 4 Note i.b. above), you would translate "hemat/encephal/on" as "the part of the brain involving blood." In fact, the correct translation is "a collection of blood in the brain." The following formula applies to compounds consisting of a substance (S), an organ or part (x) and a nominative ending (N).
S-o-x-N a collection of S in xOn apparent exceptions to this rule, see the Introduction, page 8 above.
a. In the case of glands, the normally unpredictable noun ending "-ism" (1.A.i.d.) functions in a predictable way, according to the following formula, wherein "G" is a gland.
G-ism a condition caused by the malfunction of Gb. When a base denoting a gland is followed by a termination with a verbal idea in it, the word so formed usually refers to a secretion from the gland in question. Study the following examples.
thyropenia a deficiency of secretion from the thyroid gland adrenostatic pertaining to the stopping of secretions from the adrenal glandTO TOP OF THIS PAGE
a. At one level of meaning, "x-(h)em/ia" (1 above) means "an abnormal condition of blood and x." In practice the condition described will usually be, more specifically, "the abnormal presence of blood in x."
(i) Words like "thrombocyt/hem/ia" are exceptions. "The abnormal presence of blood in platelets" does not make sense, because platelets are themselves a component of blood; a better translation would therefore be "the abnormal presence of platelets in the blood." Such exceptions are easy to determine, according to the following formula.
x-(h)em/ia the abnormal presence of blood in x (where blood can be in x) the abnormal presence of x in the blood (where blood cannot be in x)(ii) Note that "x-(h)em/ic," which you would expect to translate as "pertaining to blood and x," is regularly translated as if it meant "pertaining to "x-(h)em/ia."
b. The form "x-o-plast/ic" is usually translated "pertaining to the surgical repairing of x," as if it meant "pertaining to x-o-plast/y" (1.54), but you should remember that it can also mean "pertaining to x-o-plas/ia" (1.45). Thus common sense will tell you that, for example, "hemat/o/plast/ic" is "pertaining to the formation [plas/ia] of blood" and not "pertaining to the surgical repairing [plast/y] of blood."
c. Notice the translations of the following terms, in which additions must be made for the sake of sense.
rhinodacryolith a calculus involving tears, in the nose hemolysoid resembling something which disintegrates bloodd. Because platelets are normally found in the blood, the example given at a. above makes more sense if an addition and a reversal of words are made in translation.
thrombocyt/hem/ia the presence of an abnormal number of platelets in the bloode. "Conjunctivodacryostomy," translated above (Chapter 4, Exercise 29b) as "the making of an opening in the tear sac and conjunctiva," is more precisely "the making of an opening between the tear sac and conjunctiva." In fact, the following formula applies when "x" and "z" are both organs or bodily parts capable of being connected.
x-o-z-ostomy the making of an opening between z and xf. Occasionally in Medical Terminology words will persist despite advances in knowledge that make them illogical. "Lymph/aden" (24 above), for example, could be translated as "a gland [29 above] pertaining to lymph," presumably because what we now call "lymph nodes" were originally (but erroneously) thought to be glands.
g. The word "capill/ar/y" (19 above), as its ending shows, is actually an adjective even though it is used as a noun. Such words, very rare in Medical Terminology, are discussed in Chapter 11 (Note i.b.) below.
h. "Haem-" and "angei-" (1 and 14 above) are variant spellings, rarely found.
a. For the absence of a combining vowel between the two bases in the forms "lymph/angi/o" and "lymph/aden/o" (23 and 24 above), see Chapter 2 Note iv.b. above.
b. Notice that the combining vowel is sometimes omitted before a combining form beginning with the letter "o." This is really a special case of coalescence, as the following example shows.
hemat/o + oste/on = hematosteonc. For the combining vowel in "sangu/i" (2 above), see Chapter 3 Note ii.e. above; an extremely rare use of "-a-" as a combining vowel is seen in "plasm/a" (4 above).
The addition of "-ize" (1.1) to "-lysis" (1.66) gives a coalesced suffix "-lyze." Thus "hemolyze" ("to disintegrate blood") can be analyzed as follows.
hem/o/lys- + iz/e = hemolyzevi. NOMINA ANATOMICA
a. Note iii. in Chapter 3 and Note ii. in Chapter 4 should be reviewed.
b. NEUTER SINGULAR NOMINATIVES
(i) Most neuter singular nouns are formed by adding the inflectional ending "-um" (1.84) to a base. "Ligament/um," for example, is the Latin word for "ligament" and is thus made from the combining form "ligament/o" (3.48). Neuters made by adding "-on" (1.85) are originally Greek words, borrowed into Latin.
(ii) Neuter singular adjective endings are those in Chapter 1, 2-10 and 86, which terminate in "-um" (like the nouns) and "-e."
(iii) The following Latin phrases, exhibiting neuter nouns and adjectives in the nominative singular, are occasionally used in English.
punct/um caec/um blind point (= "blind spot") membr/um vir/il/e male member (= "penis") magn/um mysteri/um great mystery summ/um bon/um highest good(iv) Study the following Medical terms and their definitions carefully.
ligament/um cost/o/xiphoid/e/um a ligament pertaining to the xiphoid process and a rib ligament/um calcane/o/fibul/ar/e a ligament pertaining to the fibula and calcaneus ligament/um umbilic/al/e a ligament pertaining to the navel gangli/on cervic/o/thorac/ic/um a ganglion pertaining to the chest and neck gangli/on cili/ar/e a ganglion pertaining to the ciliary bodyc. The following chart should be memorized.
_______________________________________________________________________ | | | | GRAMMATICAL | EXAMPLE WORDS AND PHRASES | | CATEGORIES |_______________________________________________| | | | ADJECTIVES | |______________________| |------------------------------| | | | NOUNS | 1.3-4, 7-10 | 1.2, 5-6 | | GENDER | NUMBER | | (-us type) | (-is type) | |___________|__________|________________|_______________|______________| | | | | | | | MASCULINE | Singular | muscul/us | cardi/ac/us | cervic/al/is | |___________|__________|________________|_______________|______________| | | | | | | | FEMININE | Singular | ven/a | cardi/ac/a | cervic/al/is | |___________|__________|________________|_______________|______________| | | | | | | | NEUTER | Singular | ligament/um | cardi/ac/um | cervic/al/e | |___________|__________|________________|_______________|______________|d. APPARENTLY IRREGULAR NOMINATIVE SINGULARS
(i) Some nominative singulars consist of the base with no ending added to it. Examples in this chapter are "vas" (15), "lymphaden" (24) and "lien" (26); such words are usually neuter.
(ii) "Plasma" (4) and "lympha" (22) are Greek nouns; see Chapter 4 Note ii.d.(iii) above.
(iii) Since the islets of Langerhans are rarely, if ever, referred to individually, "insul/ae" (39) is actually a nominative plural (the forms of which are presented in Chapter 6 below).
i. Divide and define.
1a. hematosteon 1b. hematocytopenia 1c. hematomyelitis 1d. hematotympanum 1e. hematomphalocele 1f. hemorrhagenic 1g. hematinogen 1h. hemostat 1i. hematinemia 1j. hemophthalmus 2a. sanguinopoietic 2b. sanguineous 3a. hemoglobinemia 3b. hemoglobinolysis (diagnostic) 4a. plasmacytosis 4b. plasmatherapy 4c. plasmotropic 5a. thrombogenic 5b. thrombokinetics 5c. thromboplastic 5d. thrombotic 6a. thrombocytopathic 6b. hemorrhagic thrombocythemia 7a. sphygmocardiograph 7b. sphygmometroscope 8a. cardiagra 8b. cardiectasis 8c. cardiodynia 8d. cardiopericarditis 8e. cardioptosis 8f. cardiovalvulotome 9a. aortorrhaphy 9b. aortosclerosis l0a. valvuloplasty 10b. valvula lymphatica 10c. valvula venosa 11a. ventriculomyotomy 11b. ventriculovenostomy 12a. pericardiocentesis 12b. pericardiostomy 13a. myocarditic 13b. myocardosis 14a. angiectatic 14b. angiectopia 14c. angiodystrophia 14d. angiospastic 15a. vasculolymphatic 15b. vasotropic 15c. vas capillare 15d. vas lymphaticum 15e. vas sanguineum 15f. vas nervosum retinale 16a. arterionecrosis 16b. arteriorrhexis 16c. arteriovenous 16d. arteriostosis 16e. arteria brachialis 16f. arteria iliaca 17a. phlebolith 17b. phlebophlebostomy 17c. phlebothrombosis 18a. venous 18b. vena lienalis 18c. vena muscularis 18d. vena 18e. vena thyroidea thoracoacromialis 19a. capillarectasia 19b. lymphatic capillary 19c. capillaroscopy 20a. varicoid 20b. varix lymphaticus 20c. varicocelectomy 21a. cirsectomy 21b. cirsophthalmia 22a. lymphatogenous 22b. lymphocythemia 22c. lymphorrhea 22d. lymphedema 22e. lymphostasis 23a. lymphangiophlebitis 23b. lymphangiectatic 24a. lymphadenocele 24b. dermatopathic lymphadenopathy 25a. splenemia 25b. splenolymphatic 25c. splenomyelogenous 25d. splenoptosis 25e. splenorrhagia 26a. lienal 26b. lienomyelomalacia 27a. endocrinasthenic 27b. endocrinotherapy 27c. endocrinotropic 27d. crinin 28a. hormonopoiesis 28b. hormonopexic 29a. adenalgia 29b. adenocyte 29c. adenomalacia 29d. adenomegaly 29e. adenosclerosis 30a. glandulous 30b. glandula tympanica 30c. glandula lacrimalis 31a. pinealocyte 31b. pinealism 32a. hypophyseotropic 32b. hypophysectomize 33a. parotitic 33b. parotin 34a. thyrochondrotomy 34b. thyrocardiac 34c. thyroparathyroidectomy 34d. thyrolytic 34e. thyroidism (diagnostic) 35a. parathyroidopathy 35b. parathyroidin 36a. thymocyte 36b. thymin 37a. adrenalism 37b. adrenokinetic 37c. adrenalinogenesis 38a. suprarenotropic 38b. suprarenopathy 39a. insulinopenic 39b. insulinemia 40a. gonadotropin 40b. gonadectomizeii. For Optional Exercises, see the Introduction, page 13 above.
1a. hemat/oste/on; a collection of blood in a bone 1b. hemat/o/cyt/o/pen/ia; a deficiency of cells of the blood 1c. hemat/o/myel/it/is; the inflammation of the spinal cord, involving blood 1d. hemat/o/tympan/um ; a collection of blood in the middle ear 1e. hemat/omphal/o/cel/e; the protrusion of the navel, involving blood 1f. hem/o/rrhag-/o/gen/ic; producing the rapid flowing of blood 1g. hemat/in/o/gen; a substance which produces a substance of blood; 1h. hem/o/stat; an instrument for stopping the flowing of blood 1i. hemat/in/em/ia; the presence of an abnormal amount of a substance of blood in the blood 1j. hem/ophthalm/us; a collection of blood in the eye 2a. sangu/in/o/poi/et/ic; p.t. the formation of blood 2b. sangu/in/e/ous; p.t. the blood 3a. hem/o/glob/in/em/ia; the presence of an abnormal amount of hemoglobin in the blood 3b. hem/o/glob/in/o/lys/is; the disintegration of hemoglobin 4a. plasm/a/cyt/os/is; an abnormal condition involving the cells of the plasma 4b. plasm/a/therap/y; treatment by means of plasma 4c. plasm/o/trop/ic; preferentially affecting plasma 5a. thromb/o/gen/ic; producing clots 5b. thromb/o/kin/et/ic/s; the science of the movement of clots 5c. thromb/o/plast/ic; p.t. the formation of clots 5d. thromb/ot/ic; p.t. an abnormal condition involving clots 6a. thromb/o/cyt/o/path/ic; p.t. a disease of blood platelets 6b. hem/o/rrhag/ic thromb/o/cyt/hem/ia; the presence of an abnormal number of blood platelets in the blood, p.t. the rapid flowing of blood 7a. sphygm/o/cardi/o/graph; an instrument for recording the heart and pulse 7b. sphygm/o/metr/o/scop/e; an instrument for examining and measuring the pulse 8a. cardi/agr/a; gouty pain in the heart 8b. cardi/ec/tas/is; the distention of the heart 8c. cardi/odyn/ia; pain in the heart 8d. cardi/o/peri/card/it/is; the inflammation of the pericardium and heart 8e. cardi/o/pt/os/is; the downward displacement of the heart 8f. cardi/o/valvul/o/tom/e; an instrument for cutting the valves of the heart 9a. aort/o/rrhaph/y; the suturing of the aorta 9b. aort/o/scler/os/is; the hardening of the aorta l0a. valv/ul/o/plast/y; the surgical repairing of a valve 10b. valv/ul/a lymphat/ic/a; a valve p.t. lymph 10c. valv/ul/a ven/os/a; a valve p.t. a vein 11a. ventr/i/cul/o/my/o/tom/y; the cutting of the muscles of a ventricle 11b. ventr/i/cul/o/ven/o/stom/y; the making of an opening between a vein and a ventricle 12a. peri/cardi/o/cent/es/is; the surgical puncturing of the pericardium 12b. peri/cardi/o/stom/y; the making of an opening in the pericardium 13a. my/o/card/it/ic; p.t. the inflammation of the myocardium 13b. my/o/card/os/is; an abnormal condition involving the myocardium 14a. angi/ec/tat/ic; p.t. the distention of a vessel 14b. angi/ec/top/ia; the displacement of a vessel 14c. angi/o/dys/troph/ia; the defective growth of a vessel 14d. angi/o/spast/ic; p.t. a spasm of a vessel 15a. vas/cul/o/lymphat/ic; p.t. lymph vessels 15b. vas/o/trop/ic; preferentially affecting vessels 15c. vas cap/ill/ar/e; a vessel p.t. capillaries 15d. vas lymphat/ic/um; a vessel p.t. lymph 15e. vas sangu/in/e/um retin/al/e; a vessel p.t. blood and the retina 15f. vas nerv/os/um; a vessel p.t. nerves 16a. arteri/o/necr/os/is; the death of an artery 16b. arteri/o/rrhex/is; the rupturing of an artery 16c. arteri/o/ven/ous; p.t. the veins and arteries 16d. arteri/ost/os/is ; the ossification of an artery 16e. arteri/a brachi/al/is; an artery p.t. the arm 16f. arteri/a ili/ac/a; an artery p.t. the ilium 17a. phleb/o/lith; a calculus in a vein 17b. phleb/o/phleb/o/stom/y; the making of an opening between two parts of a vein 17c. phleb/o/thromb/os/is; an abnormal condition involving clots in a vein 18a. ven/ous; p.t. a vein 18b. ven/a lien/al/is; a vein p.t. the spleen 18c. ven/a mus/cul/ar/is; a vein p.t. a muscle 18d. ven/a thorac/o/acromi/al/is; a vein p.t. the acromion and chest 18e. ven/a thyr/oid/e/a; a vein p.t. the thyroid gland 19a. cap/ill/ar/ec/tas/ia; the distention of a capillary 19b. lymphat/ic cap/ill/ar/y ; a capillary p.t. lymph 19c. cap/ill/ar/o/scop/y; the examination of the capillaries 20a. varic/oid; resembling a varix 20b. varix lymphat/ic/us ; a varix p.t. lymph 20c. varic/o/cel/ec/tom/y; the cutting out of a protrusion involving a varix 21a. cirs/ec/tom/y; the cutting out of a varix 21b. cirs/ophthalm/ia; an abnormal condition of the eye, involving a varix 22a. lymphat/o/gen/ous; produced by the lymph 22b. lymph/o/cyt/hem/ia; the abnormal presence of cells of lymph in the blood 22c. lymph/o/rrhe/a; the flowing of lymph 22d. lymph/edema; the swelling of something involving lymph 22e. lymph/o/stas/is; the stopping of the flowing of lymph 23a. lymph/angi/o/phleb/it/is; the inflammation of the veins and lymph vessels 23b. lymph/angi/ec/tat/ic; p.t. the distention of lymph vessels 24a. lymph/aden/o/cel/e; the protrusion of a lymph node 24b. dermat/o/path/ic lymph/aden/o/path/y; a disease of the lymph nodes, p.t. a disease of the skin 25a. splen/em/ia; the abnormal presence of blood in the spleen 25b. splen/o/lymphat/ic; p.t. the lymph and spleen 25c. splen/o/myel/o/gen/ous; produced by the bone marrow and spleen 25d. splen/o/pt/os/is; the downward displacement of the spleen 25e. splen/o/rrhag/ia; the rapid flowing of something from the spleen 26a. lien/al; p.t. the spleen 26b. lien/o/myel/o/malac/ia; the softening of the bone marrow and spleen 27a. endo/crin/a/sthen/ic; p.t. the lack of strength of glandular secretions 27b. endo/crin/o/therap/y ; treatment by means of secretions 27c. endo/crin/o/trop/ic; preferentially affecting secretion 27d. crin/in; a substance involved in secretion 28a. hormon/o/poi/es/is; the formation of hormones 28b. hormon/o/pex/ic; p.t. the fixation of hormones 29a. aden/alg/ia; pain in a gland 29b. aden/o/cyt/e ; a cell of a gland 29c. aden/o/malac/ia; the softening of a gland 29d. aden/o/megal/y ; the enlargement of a gland 29e. aden/o/scler/os/is; the hardening of a gland 30a. gland/ul/ous; p.t. a gland 30b. gland/ul/a tympan/ic/a; a gland p.t. the middle ear 30c. gland/ul/a lacrim/al/is; a gland p.t. tears 31a. pine/al/o/cyt/e ; a cell of the pineal gland 31b. pine/al/ism; a condition caused by the malfunction of the pineal gland 32a. hypo/phys/e/o/trop/ic; preferentially affecting the pituitary gland 32b. hypo/phys/ec/tom/iz/e; to cut out the pituitary gland 33a. par/ot/it/ic; p.t. the inflammation of the parotid gland 33b. par/ot/in; a substance of the parotid gland 34a. thyr/o/chondr/o/tom/y; the cutting of a cartilage of the thyroid gland 34b. thyr/o/cardi/ac; p.t. the heart and thyroid gland 34c. thyr/o/para/thyr/oid/ec/tom/y; the cutting out of the parathyroid and thyroid glands 34d. thyr/o/lyt/ic; p.t. the disintegration of the thyroid gland 34e. thyr/oid/ism; a condition caused by the malfunction of the thyroid gland 35a. para/thyr/oid/o/path/y; a disease of the parathyroid gland 35b. para/thyr/oid/in; a substance of the parathyroid gland 36a. thym/o/cyt/e; a cell of the thymus 36b. thym/in; a substance of the thymus 37a. ad/ren/al/ism ; a condition caused by the malfunction of the adrenal glands 37b. ad/ren/o/kin/et/ic; p.t. the movement of secretions from the adrenal glands 37c. ad/ren/al/in/o/gen/es/is; the production of a substance of the adrenal glands 38a. supra/ren/o/trop/ic; preferentially affecting the adrenal glands 38b. supra/ren/o/path/y; a disease of the adrenal glands 39a. insul/in/o/pen/ic; p.t. a deficiency of a substance of the islets of Langerhans 39b. insul/in/em/ia; the presence of an abnormal amount of a substance of the islets of Langerhans in the blood 40a. gonad/o/trop/in; a substance which preferentially affects the gonads 40b. gonad/ec/tom/iz/e; to cut out the gonadsTo top of page