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Home : Bridging Amplifiers... continued (Ohm's Law)

Bridging Amplifiers... continued (Ohm's Law)

Let's take a look at Ohm's Law:

I=E/R and P=EI.

Where I = current or amperes, E = voltage or volts, R = resistance or ohms and P = power or watts.

If R is 8 and E is 20 then I must be 20 divided by 8, which is 2.5A.

P must therefore be 2.5 x 20 which is 50, or 50 watts.

Stated in another way, 20 volts across an 8 ohm load produces 50 watts into the load.

Connecting two 1.5V batteries together in series gives you 3V.
Connecting two amplifiers together in series works the same way. If each is producing 20V then in series connection they will produce 40V. So now lets get back to Ohm's law:

40V (the series bridged voltage) divided by 8 is 5, which is the current, 5A. P = 40x5, = 200, which is 200 watts. (Do the math yourself with this: Ohm Calculator.)

So this proves that doubling the voltage on any given load produces 2 times the current and 4 times the power.

In the real world there are limitations. Depending on the amplifier design, either the current or the voltage, or both could be limited. The factors are what the power supply is capable of doing and how much heat the various components will tolerate before meltdown. Rare though they are, exceptions (UREI 6200 series) to these limitations have been achieved with sufficiently robust power supplies and conservative component use.

Now let's look at this from a different point of view, that of amplifier power ratings. Much depends on relative load. For example, the Crown CSL-460 is rated at 230 watts per channel into 4 ohms. What will the amp do into 8 ohms? Using Ohms law once again, this works out to 115 watts, with about 4dB headroom. Series bridged it will produce 460 watts into one 8 ohm load.

So, If we go against the manufactures recommendations and connect it series bridged to a 4 ohm load instead (two 8 ohm loudspeakers in parallel), then the amp will try to produce 920 watts, in keeping with ohm's law. This is where it gets dangerous. Assuming the power supply is able to produce the current, which it can momentarily, is there sufficient cooling to dissipate the extra heat?

Often an ampifiers limiting systems are engaged with audible distortion or other nasty noises. Sometimes failure is caused by one or two smaller components not able to take the strain, resulting in total shutdown or further burnout of other amplifier components.



A note about rail voltages. A common question is: Since the power supply produces only so much voltage to run the output stage, how can the amp itself produce more? The answer is simple. Each output stage uses the rail voltage to produce the needed power. When they are series connected, the signal polarity is inverted on one channel. It is still producing the same voltage as the other channel, but in opposite polarity. The voltage swing measured across the two positive terminals is now double what it is across either of the others (assuming negatives are common).

Back (Bridging Amplifiers).

Simplest Ever Amplifier Bridging article by Rod Elliott.

Series vs. Parallel Wiring aticle by Wayne Harris.

Copyright © 2003 Anton Niedersteiner. All rights reserved.

Home : Bridging Amplifiers... continued (Ohm's Law)

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