From: Subject: As Brazil Defends Its Bounty, Rules Ensnare Scientists - New York Times Date: Wed, 3 Oct 2007 20:21:47 -0600 MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: multipart/related; type="text/html"; boundary="----=_NextPart_000_0019_01C805FB.05B7F050" X-MimeOLE: Produced By Microsoft MimeOLE V6.00.2900.3138 This is a multi-part message in MIME format. ------=_NextPart_000_0019_01C805FB.05B7F050 Content-Type: text/html; charset="iso-8859-1" Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Content-Location: mhtml:file://F:\Biblio\0.0 Web By Subject\Biotech\07 08 As Brazil Defends Its Bounty, Rules Ensnare Scientists NYT.mht As Brazil Defends Its Bounty, Rules Ensnare = Scientists - New York Times
3D""=203D"Printer3D""=20

August 28, 2007

As Brazil Defends Its = Bounty, Rules=20 Ensnare Scientists

By LARRY=20 ROHTER

RIO DE JANEIRO =97 Marc van Roosmalen is a world-renowned = primatologist whose=20 research in the Amazon has led to the discovery of five species of = monkeys and a=20 new primate genus. But precisely because of that work, Dr. van Roosmalen = was=20 recently sentenced to nearly 16 years in prison and jailed in Manaus, = Brazil.=20

Earlier in August, his lawyers managed to get him freed while they = appeal his=20 conviction on charges stemming from an investigation into alleged = biopiracy. But=20 scientists here and abroad are outraged, and they describe the case as = only the=20 most glaring example of laws and government policies they say are = xenophobic and=20 increasingly stifling scientific inquiry.

=93Research needs to be stimulated, not criminalized,=94 said Enio = Candotti, a=20 physicist who has been the president of the Brazilian Society for the = Progress=20 of Science, the country=92s leading scientific body, for the last four = years.=20 =93Instead, we have a situation in which overzealous bureaucrats = consider everyone=20 guilty unless they can prove their innocence.=94

At a biologists=92 conference in Mexico last month, 287 scientists = from 30=20 countries signed a petition saying that the jailing of Dr. van Roosmalen = was=20 =93indicative of a trend of governmental repression of scientists in = Brazil.=94

The treatment of him, they warned, is unduly harsh and is =93already=20 discouraging biological research in Brazil, both by Brazilian scientists = and by=20 potential international donors.=94

Brazil=92s government officials say they have no vendetta against the = scientists and are merely trying to protect the nation=92s natural and = genetic=20 patrimony; they also declined to talk about the van Roosmalen case.

Fears of biopiracy, loosely defined as any unauthorized acquisition = or=20 transport of genetic material or live flora and fauna, are deep and = longstanding=20 in Brazil. Nearly a century ago, for example, the Amazon rubber boom = collapsed=20 after Sir Henry Wickham, a British botanist and explorer, spirited = rubber seeds=20 out of Brazil and sent them to colonies in Ceylon and Malaya (now Sri = Lanka and=20 Malaysia), which quickly dominated the international market.

In the 1970s, the Squibb pharmaceutical company used venom from the = Brazilian=20 arrowhead viper to help develop captopril, used to treat hypertension= =20 and congestive heart failure, without payment of the royalties = Brazilians think=20 are due them. And more recently, Brazilian Indian tribes have complained = that=20 samples of their blood, taken under circumstances they say were = unethical, were=20 being used in genetic research around the world.

Brazil has in recent years passed legislation to curb such practices. = National sentiment favors the laws, but scientists complain that they go = too=20 far, are too vague, confer too much power on authorities who have no = scientific=20 knowledge and have created a presumption that every researcher is = engaged in=20 biopiracy.

=93We wanted to protect the environment and traditional knowledge, = but the=20 legislation is so restrictive that it has given rise to abuses and a = lack of=20 common sense,=94 Dr. Candotti said. =93The result is paranoia and a = disaster for=20 science. There are Talibans in the government who say they are defending = the=20 national interest, but they end up weakening and hurting it.=94

To engage in field research in Brazil, authorization from as many as = five=20 government agencies may be required. Though the law mandates a response = within=20 90 days, scientists say approval may be delayed for up to two years = because the=20 agencies lack budget and staff, particularly employees with knowledge of = the=20 scientific method.

That has led to a situation in which many researchers often go ahead = with=20 their work on the assumption that it will eventually be approved. Dr. = Candotti=20 estimated that up to half the field research conducted in Brazil may be=20 technically irregular, but the jailing of Dr. van Roosmalen, whom Time = magazine=20 designated one of its =93Heroes for the Planet=94 in 2000 because of his = work in the=20 Amazon, has caused many researchers to pause and reassess their own = situations.=20

=93If they can get him on trumped-up charges, they can get any of = us,=94 said one=20 scientist based in Manaus, who spoke on the condition that he not be = named=20 because of fear that future research projects will be rejected. = =93Everyone bends=20 the rules, because they are so onerous that you would never be able to = get any=20 work done if you followed them to the letter.=94

Some foreign scientists also said that because of biopiracy fears = here, they=20 no longer consider Brazil to be a reliable research partner. As = examples, they=20 spoke of instances in which samples of research material originally = gathered in=20 Brazil and then taken abroad had been seized by government authorities = and even=20 incinerated when sent back to Brazil on loan to scientists here.

Foreigners are not the only ones complaining. Brazilian scientists = also=20 report problems in getting research proposals approved and say they are = enduring=20 unreasonable limitations on their work and having material confiscated. =

In one recent case, a researcher at the Butantan Institute in S=E3o = Paulo=20 wanted to study a species of Amazon butterfly, potentially of = pharmaceutical=20 interest because its larva secretes a toxic goo that causes numbness, = paralysis=20 and may contribute to art= hritis.=20 Authorization was delayed for months, and when it finally arrived, it = was for=20 only one day =97 in February, weeks after the larvae have finished their = metamorphosis.

In another instance, a researcher was investigated after he mailed = worm=20 tissue slides to a colleague in Germany instead of sending the genetic = data by=20 e-mail. Similarly, an ornithologist authorized to keep rare birds was = detained=20 because he did not have a permit to take the birds from one Amazon = research=20 facility to another, and a researcher=92s request to move an ant colony = was=20 denied, supposedly because it would cause stress to the insects.

The National Council for Scientific and Technological Development, = the main=20 government agency dealing with scientific research in Brazil, declined = to make=20 any of its officials available for interviews about the van Roosmalen = case or=20 other scientists=92 complaints. The agency=92s press office initially = suggested an=20 interview with the director, Marco Antonio Zago, but retracted the offer = after=20 seeing a list of questions, and issued a written statement in his name=20 instead.

=93There is no ground to believe that the Brazilian government would = try to=20 intimidate the scientific community, either in the Amazon or in other = regions of=20 the country,=94 the statement said. The federal government is merely = =93taking=20 measures to protect the country=92s sovereignty and biodiversity on the = basis of=20 laws promulgated by the parliament.=94

At the National Defense Council, another agency that in recent years = has=20 become involved in the approval of some research requests as a result of = changes=20 in the law, an official, Renata Furtado, acknowledged that there had = been=20 problems but said scientists themselves were mostly to blame. They often = do not=20 supply enough detailed information on research requests, she said, they = =93don=92t=20 compromise,=94 they resist supervision and they want to work in = sensitive border=20 areas.

=93We are trying to make the process more democratic, more open to = dialogue, by=20 inviting in all interested parties, including the military and = indigenous=20 groups, and when that happens, naturally you have people for and = against=94 a=20 proposal, she said. =93Legalized scientific research by foreigners in = Brazil is=20 doing quite well, thank you, but we need to open this process even more = so that=20 real researchers are encouraged to come and not just backpackers.=94

Lawyers for Dr. van Roosmalen, a naturalized Brazilian citizen who = was born=20 in the Netherlands, say he is in large part a victim of the xenophobic = sentiment=20 attached to fears of biopiracy. They note that he was tried as a = foreigner,=20 initially denied habeas corpus and the right to appeal the verdict = against him,=20 given a near-maximum sentence despite being a first-time offender and = sent to a=20 notoriously harsh prison.

=93This trial was conducted in a completely irregular fashion, and on = trumped-up charges,=94 said Miguel Barrella, one of Dr. van = Roosmalen=92s lawyers.=20 =93They couldn=92t prove the biopiracy accusations, so they concocted a = series of=20 spurious accusations, such as the unauthorized lodging of monkeys at his = home,=20 where he has a primate rehabilitation center.=94

Edmilson da Costa Barreiros, the federal prosecutor in Manaus who = argued the=20 case against Dr. van Roosmalen, did not respond to requests for comment. = But an=20 article in A Cr=EDtica, the main newspaper there, quoted him as having = urged that=20 the scientist be made to =93serve as an example so that others will see = that you=20 cannot do as you please at a public institution.=94

Over the years, Dr. van Roosmalen has clashed frequently with = Brazilian=20 authorities, including his superiors at the government-supported = National=20 Institute for Amazon Research, or I.N.P.A., in Manaus. He was once = detained=20 during a boat trip for transporting monkeys without a permit, and when = he sent=20 monkey scat abroad for analysis at a laboratory, he also ran afoul of = the law.=20 Eventually he was fired from I.N.P.A., where fellow scientists say the=20 recognition given him by Time magazine stirred resentment among = desk-bound=20 administrators.

To raise money to continue his research, he made an offer on his Web = site to=20 name the species of monkeys he had discovered after benefactors, who = included=20 Prince Bernhard of the Netherlands. That has been a practice common = since=20 Linnaeus created the modern system of biological classification in the = 18th=20 century and kings and dukes financed expeditions in return for taxonomic = immortality. But Brazilian authorities considered it illegal, and it = formed the=20 basis of one of the charges of =93improper appropriation=94 of which Dr. = van=20 Roosmalen was convicted.

Even Dr. van Roosmalen=92s most ardent defenders have said he is = often=20 stubborn, cantankerous and not at all deferential to authority. But Wim = Veen, a=20 former classmate who is one of the founders of Help Marc van Roosmalen, = a=20 defense committee and fund set up in the Netherlands, said that such = flaws were=20 not important when compared with the larger issues at stake.

=93If there is anyone in Brazil who is defending the Amazon, it is = Marc,=94 Mr.=20 Veen said, =93which makes it particularly cynical to see him being made = the victim=20 of a legislation meant not for him but those who want to extract the = riches of=20 the tropical rain forest for their own material=20 benefit.=94
Home=20
Copy= right=20 2007 The New York Times = Company=20
------=_NextPart_000_0019_01C805FB.05B7F050 Content-Type: image/gif Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64 Content-Location: http://graphics8.nytimes.com/images/misc/logoprinter.gif R0lGODlhxwAvAMQAAP///wAAALu7u4qKirW1tZmZmUVFRe/v78/Pz+Tk5NDQ0Jqamt/f3xERETEx MaqqqnZ2dmZmZlVVVSEhIaCgoPn5+aampsLCwq2trezs7NfX193d3cjIyPLy8gAAAAAAACH5BAAA AAAALAAAAADHAC8AAAX/ICCOZGmeaKqubOu+cCzPdG3feK7vfO//wKBwSCwaj8ikcslsOp/QqHRK rVqv2Kx2ixsYIguGiDEQixAzAfq0rjEihgXAPDjU1KuHRDJYHwYCXDAHDgGGhnwDDRMABxEDMYSG ciILAXsQNgwNhg0AAgcSAQ4MbS4HEAGBKRGHhg4DC4VmgiwDrrgBE5KQMA+FAQ1iCJyGqzQIf8YC A8AOMqKqKQi5uG+UtSkQDnbMwMEI1AG9L2iplwcPCwYGxyTuLQKGgI2GBjIPxikPDWgIC9EmRTOV rQQZAA8enBkQYc28Gfz0iYAnIkImGPLGrbInIyNFEpn+2WGwIIJCBBOw/xVE8YhMg0DHHjY6QauE AEu6RsBjIK8BuXQjHtixOW9jgHskDgwdMXSoxzGNllaScGDBBEjHpBpMekKpTTsKk0RooMfQxBHz GBjg9s6AMBMHDcg8ZpXUoZCF5Nxy8ICWMo0iOIr404DUiAX9iF19mm/CMxKWBtyStoqBA2xW0SCO 0EgCW6aKLs4RVZickXyQJgNYINre5MufDEDgJKGEpXsZ3wayOnlAxACrEVmeFLSYRnUcCeNsEAZx sGI8jQ0PoHJTbY8IqCKQOw7BgwnBIER7xIl5I0WT0aAvX7NIoUCTD3Dq9fBcILm+DYUVIZczgFZH fQKAMakIo9qA0tyCFP9/rgCyAE73qEbMUXbER49HErQnQipYGSNXbQAUgtQBD4EXoT4ZhTgKgoEc QFAR+gEgITkPPYUfABBEIBVrq8inXyD6wCKjWSwOuSAAe2QEiB0cHSgXUgdOZE+AJsiViUeojPAk WuMAsOVTKTIwAZCqqKVjEoZkcmBMXdrY3YuNHDPZmCwKQAeR+iiYlABKGnUicF5SGeUnU3ZZglzP gKkllQhC8iWKZgklQiGwyHSEIYx4sQYoctSoz4ca6kQCeNLMs9SBeTKqU1GBBeikoERKGcB3hhDE HU8ThAVfoAs+9ChlMTJlABo3IgGgBO780mmbnwYgGkEIgLFqqbOOgAD/qgmqKis9CP7JIJSxEqpK PqPs+IpKAkTA2ZatOhogmIY0VYoZxR7BwCHDTtRAA0yi42aXCyx1AHe69CIKKOUJpRdx9vxBJ1GA dTtkuVZuGO+0cpwDgSmk5jrGe4E+Jk4mlFY1DwIZORAOKIX4JNd+R+CUi14JZxSOJIaOMNkhlakS TjEtRjtJRB6fQC4EgYhDFQPnONDORAA6EIhar4hBqSkT5sLZG/aUwgkprZAyITf/YCrGzqPAWQSt h5Blbb4pDmaAaSKIsoAAc5PALQJSl8AtKmpDAMkBzDST9mFXmSCLKeoOtZ1WAGyHSy92QGCA41RV 5DgES61jxgPDPgJF/+Ew+x2Afyrkg4JXN8izFE8LxAJ5D9fK/kMZtRBzeQsP0M3DLVe5hcuRK62U jtpKiFNNuDQk0AEJHHBQ/PQ3KGIPBA/wuQgOBShAAgEEUC9+DVq9EWoM3Y+v/hAEaKCABQVY4D0A FRAwvwgJEJCABgTET4D0AIieCDKgPw7ADwMZ6MAFKFAAAWSABBrAQAEamAASVOAC8KOAA1WQAQFM EAP3EwH/PqiACowgevkrAAWkF8H4hXB9LVChABKQAA/Ob4EmFAEBLACABCigAPbTgA7D10MVXiAB G8AABeSHRCWO4AIF4AANPbiBERCAAhpA4hWfd4IMUIAAG/BhAS7wxP8x0lABFMBADq9ogSz+0AJg FOMLYagCIJIAA0RMQPoA0IE9AsCPAAAf/vy4AUIWoIIZAKQAeCiCKI6gfkI8wSJJoAACmDCRIcSk DimQQwBgwAKdxCMdXQBIQeqQkTgcQSnzeMgR6LGCg6zgD8FHS/g98BNAvIACNtBJE1BgjiL4YS89 uQpTDvF7RBzlClbpygJooAIUIKMqQ2jKVzYTlkWUZfcUwM1uchEA7gPfBKt4AkBSsgAmMKUxA5lM diqTBcwcARx/+M0/UpOV2LRmLAGQSGwCYAPz64ACvlkBOKJAlCPgnwn1SE4RVGCP64xoO99ZzntC 0IglGCMy98nRbIqPQIlVrMAP7/dFLiZghVYE4D+7t9AvjkCJkUyAErko0Y1SNAXxlGcrSQBFO7rT ox3V5wUnqMJMwo+oF+ikT4PJwAla8pE9deotf3pMK070pjFY5wgykICp2qACNERBB8LaAhoO05UJ OCtWg6CBna71rT34oUbhStcdjNWrdc2rXvfK17769a+ADaxgB3uCEAAAOw== ------=_NextPart_000_0019_01C805FB.05B7F050 Content-Type: image/gif Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64 Content-Location: http://graphics8.nytimes.com/ads/spacer.gif R0lGODlhBQAFAIAAAMDAwAAAACH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAAFAAUAAAIEhI+pWAA7 ------=_NextPart_000_0019_01C805FB.05B7F050 Content-Type: image/gif Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64 Content-Location: http://graphics8.nytimes.com/ads/fox/printerfriendly.gif R0lGODlhagAYALMAAPHx8VtbXa2trHZ2dJGRk0JBSdXV1U5OTrq6uePi5YSEhcnJyaCgoGlpaf// /wAAACH5BAAAAAAALAAAAABqABgAAAT/0MlJq7046827/2AojmRpnmiqrmzrvnAszxgTNIxj4/ri FABHQ1hoGBaHxlDZQFCQSqHSOYQufdUkwbHIAQa9CVNgUAp0txzjnBg6BIp34LClMLDh4f0Hdru7 YhJuEoCChlU5ggEAiA4ER4kMCGCBEgNBengMBw4KbgpxXIl2aWg8ew0ECH6ESWdMTkcAUK9TQlyu QggEjXeFAAc+YlGsO2oNAgNDCQoCZ4V2wj1reQA3hqKBDQlvDAnQS9yNhgMF2Y/gFYOXt3fUksF6 BwFg0BN7EnfWAKhcrLjEuFAiNKpKH4BLHAAwB2WLlVsUBpVB1mPfHQO3GmCaNYqGx48glkOKHEmy pMmTJnhp/KEkwZdU/s4pCcKLXZFtLI3sODPhpgF9A1E6CBBRlCRHRwq4GzrBwBYEORoN6hcI6hd8 QuXYbLnHFwNkOQTQ45jtJrciW6hKKBKAG4OgQoNAhajDCToGBpQqdADVKd+o1rDlKQrIHkoAntrS felQDQPEDRTXxKQjh8+dFNhiNJy1s+fPoEOLHj0hAgA7 ------=_NextPart_000_0019_01C805FB.05B7F050 Content-Type: image/gif Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64 Content-Location: http://graphics8.nytimes.com/ads/darjeeling/dej_button.gif R0lGODlhWAAfAPcAADhwd96gKBpnhdWdLSZqf4GFVBZmhyhrf21/XkNzcraUOzpwdh9og2J8Y+ai JNKcLlF3a8KYNkVzcVh5aKCORS9te3+EVm9/XcybMS1sfGF7ZEt1bsCXNk52bYeGUj9yc5WLS+yk Is+bMGt+XzFtet2gKSJpgaOPRLKTPXmCWFx6ZvuoGxVliPuoGtqfKvinHO+lIK6SPxhmhryWOMiZ MtGcLrWUO1N3al97ZeSiJfClIKmQQeqjI+KhJ/enHPKmH9yfKWp+X9ufKseZM4mHUCtsfWl+YLSU PBlnhYOFUzNueeOhJXyDVnCAXKeQQuujIvOmHiNpgayRQCFpgnuDVzxxddeeLBxnhPmoG4iHUSBo gjJuepOKTCVqgJSKS/WmHmZ9YaKORTtwde6kII6ITtadLI+JTfanHc+bL8KXNZuMSOCgJ/WmHb2W OMmaMvSmHmR8YmV9Yp2NR8qaMueiI3WBWqiQQsGXNtCcLtCcL5aLSlp5Z8aYM92fKB1ohJ6NRu2k IYSGU+6lIXGAXHOBW32DVpmMSeGhJ6uRQSJpgrqVObmVOiRqgNmeK6SPRNGcL3KAXM6bMOijJOOh JlV4aTdvd012bUd0cPWnHciaM9ieK76XN7+XN6qRQcWYNFZ4abCSPpCJTUByc1B2bDZveDRueaKO RPmnG3iCWRlmhsSYNeykIaSPQ42ITj1xdYuHT6CORpiLSrqVOoWGU7+XNuWiJYaGUvanHCprfjBt e8aZNOKhJsaZMzVuePenHfClH3aBWS5tfOGgJ/SmHW+AXdmeKmh9YGd9YbGSPauRQF57ZV97ZNed K5+NR+ukIpqMSJyMR1d4aLGTPkFycruVObiVOj9xdPinG/KlHpGJTMuaMU92bMiZM8WYNe6kIcma M25/Xmp+YHqDWLWUPOmjI/amHtOdLdyfKrOTPXeCWVR4ap6NR0l0cOCgKLuWOWV8YnyDV0x1bZqM SYuHUJKKTJKKTVd5aaaQQ0Fyc62SP8OYNo2IT6aPQ/qoGxRliP///yH5BAWQAf8ALAAAAABYAB8A AAj/AP0JHEiwoMGDCBMqXMiwocOHECNKnEixokWLpQSwuMjxYcaIVa4gcEGDQceTCxnQcIHgSkiG lJa8avEkAcqbCRM8afFqCaWUK7MQCWZwRIh+IPyN4MDBgz8O/fpx+IDCxIekHJ5+eOrvQwmkA6la BXFVaYgQI/yRVfshalSCwYhk6VMy5w4FpvAgM2gixAcTJTp4cCqiA4cOAjsgNeyvX2MRjf2JGGHi xFZ/ikEYNtz3A4msh58iHmwQGR5TeC8bNMNyRo0MBhn7G+yhaYnPIjiMMCwiRVbHSFMAx+wBMWYO vQ8rV+rhs9vRTgtmqDGjiQszB28oGjNBz5aDJEKY/3g6wsOJDuNDH+8Q4ndjwI5LeEYRfXN7wyRK WA0cOjRpg1voMcEYitxg0Ax22JDML1EgdEIJIohgwn9PRbUcCO45poJjRiFXX1YYMvZghJuJNlt0 BUXxSzIKzmDQGnyQ0QIVCn1g3EUk3Fijag9RwRMfa2w0UBFSDEOBE2LgpGRDYjhBwTBSFEEQNK1A wMQSrjjUwZYkPNQBjzVyOZErSzABQSvQTOnDBWO4kRB7Of7G1AjypQCZCFuxZ4JvkolQAla56XfY CCJ0+VRu5RWXFWb9pOAPCo4d5MYYF/jgBUHTLPEEM3rIgBB7y0WqVgoohBDeQCeAYOpS/vT1GWJ4 cv9wgoQDqTeYbOxJeBRCejDzBJYE7VHMH0k8ocSnHKCAYWNMfaACCn+egMJAfTn1n3KBHiperbl9 cOuihpWQwgmiwvVEEn8Uswem1xwRQwtJZsdBeL9x2RcKG6ZVK2Iq6NeWCf1tVtu+At1a2JYcpOBX uWG1EMMR1wBQUBKnpMGKIUgcVNYIWM2pFmXzTnkZCP2gxZZaHayFr0BrKTXCB0xNBQIJ0y5akCGs pHFKEkVRA8yGBi4pdGwtqAAMNUEYUFAVt9CwAxQDgDH01EoNAMUONNzy0sRsAHEELTBYo0VEMV/F VFK1eQDz2Vu+7I8Ko3VJgr4PaWENDLQcAQQbhSD/NAUevAziIxpRQtTPlgCn8KVX/pzXQW/eejCu P/IZ5ZRsDhEgBRozDsILHlMkRAgb2NjAx9M0FNBgQ/2QJmtxJvh5QnrQhcd4wiUcl3kBWWNtAzZs ECIkQjD3wYQxDtCxSxrLsL7lU4rn+GVTJpIW4cyth4BwQ8uksYvyxlw5A5gIwaH8DHJk48m7QSsk KnIcaBaCB4VV75Rw3p4Hwnnt2Zydw57IhhxmAAQ6wMEj6aKOGZiAhlHAJCxb2ooJOmCov/iDBF2a YFfGM8EJPu9NaGCCGe5QgwD8gRQg4YINyqAJGEyLahQplSbKYAMu9KIidVBDAdoHw4jcoABqqEMP B4dIxCJOLSAAIfkEBRQA/wAsAgADAFQAGgAACNYA//3zR1DgQIIFDSpcyLChw4cQGSJMeLDhRIoR M2rc+PAiRoUeOYocKTKkRJMGPaoMyXKly5cUUQqUORNmQZsHber8KJNmxZw7WwbFCdKkT6BCkSId yrQo0ZNGcd5k+rRm1YU8Sf6MmJXrVa1gw0L9ivVo2Y1mO5JtSrVt17Uo47r9Cfcr26hzl1qsO9Wt 1L5Vhfa8C7ji38CExSoemXix44x5Nfo1nHYs3sqW/WJOqfmt06WCAXt2SpRvZ9NpUYMWvdosaswJ D4t2/XrzY8m1R98uaTYgACH5BAWQAf8ALAoABwBEABAAAAj/AP8J/AfixECBHEb8+8DhH4eHHD6g 6PAPhUIQKgQyfAhiBAiCChGiEOgh4kCIJ0ykMGgCRcaDJPr1I3GwXwgSHfr965eiQwcTJ0DEHNnv g8CcPj+UdOhhoEyjIfpRFMizQwkPJEJ08FDioMAUKFCkqPkw584THpqOELFWa4iBSDuQWMqhKVUR GEVIddqzBEWuWr3+KwECRFenVkHo7Ie2acwTKUqEhdvv4Qi6dndGhryXKlq2/0xIFvwhxMOiiHMu niqwRNETIUL+M0uyYV3ErmOy3guiIVPBJwxWFL6TouKdMvfC/jdiJuWBdJMjBSGiuFOZJV7eFsy9 u/fv4MOL/x9Pvrz58+jTh59Y8aKK3pb/qeCAwuhBDmMJfnT4AT77ERCBsBEHKclHn30p0EfRCCiY AFJQQ+3E0Ak+kfBBPyqccJhAzR3GAYbFEbjVTB6IkFRcJaRwYYZdlajCCFp50M9Hda3VVgdvPZQW CTFh5JVYIRj1UAgmSLWdCGld5YFPUlk1Qo8vhfASCCiUqFVdj0U2mY5YzQabCA7+ExOABtUVlJF2 1cVVWkxyIMJNXoYAZmcllbTWba59AJtC2zHHUmeRuZmjByZE1cFtOSnl22w6/SNCCiP82UFYJpCQ YnRNLdccTR/KhFUJIoA6UAkhxXabCkbKFMJYMsrEAW0oCBUFqqgt2fTRUlllFl4H9qm3a6/gBQQA IfkEBRQA/wAsCgAHAEQAEAAACIYA/wn856/gQIIFDSZciLAhwoUMBSqMCHGiRYoPL1Z0WJFix4Ed MWY8GFKjyY0SUWZUCdIjw5cqP56cKTImTJIoaa6kybMnTJ8bgeIcSrSo0aNIkypdyrSp06dQjwKd WrLqT6tCU1LFyrVrTa9gte4EG/SqS7JbdaJNG7btWqFqh8aNyvFoQAAh+QQFkAH/ACwDAAIAUQAa AAAI/wD/CRxIsKDBgwJZ9Fu48MqefgKNQJS40AvCixgzatxogEQ/SH7+BYH4zxJEIpE4qly5kkCP OwShSBA44cW4TocmQhkwaqCqHiFZCmXpUgGLhG9w0PTFQUGIFf8IfQlXxGc7BkOzZpUxNSJJj/9C WfknQ4DWs1qv9FMqkiQYnZP6wUNLV2gFJAMPJFQiMFc8dcHqCh5MOCHBRdVc5HmGy+AEESMIQtCn rZGLGI0JNuhRtY6sGgNcnBOo6KeVH+/+WfBklmAneRG11UuYz2LCMF9WZIJAdqEQGC/WFsxJUiAR 34CCG3DdD9+/Gv3yzAD9L9HCMN9yRPsHpB+Bgg3/tf9ZiKB3ceBAhpBXqEvggoUA8jJMMLAJpoGX VlggGGgFCfHFCdSFXAWNh1VMOggkB0MCRUfaRwLC8gF7A73HyUAgnCFKP0fUd0ZQEkHCXz98xfCC HaB0IGA/tVAQSlkAHjgQcAKB8sJD0vwDSAkNBjiQgz/y8OMDYRWHwAq+vdBDQUmQ+E8n5TjzBSor svhIFw9qUZAOUD15kg+UWCFEg2OWNIsyOEiwApErRuBedKWc0M8GXh3hSHgE2RffIv2YdVR1/ThB lk99bkmSiT32w0GPAnXDUA+6VbmAQF4gKSUWc3iFlY2BEZQTlnwWxAiBh/mo4w81etcWhw8Sg1Q/ Ger/lsNCGlQZhUABqNrfJYC6VUtFjUZngy5D9OrEHZrwpl4OojX3T3jqVRKsOT+eEYCJwokJQw7N TIFfP7YM9MlaLODgX6qk/KPBesYJkxySuPLAJYQF5ECOvM5yk2NYPOj1zxZv3EMQLEgKI21hCCes 8MIJPwOOuIioKwlfqq2hrhTPLZYJZxUIkWvEWczRSBYMa6ToQOJ8mQmjCz6JgbVOREGEJFQEAsez OnCBJCMlX/RDGPUBElVD6zTU5I9iKFhGTA0IxEOXPVvywH4NOhJ0KoaEodgkI6nW5RZ0sFXID4Eu B65AG7jlgj0Lj0vGjFxcjYgao6b0gtd9ScKWE2U2QphOsF4Z0XOQH2RRrg6J2DDJs7kUgUWR7sEA RqoSXDKhouzI8oMogx/0dEUmPbmKav9MA1EsJFUhXJELFUs2sFoFBAA7 ------=_NextPart_000_0019_01C805FB.05B7F050 Content-Type: application/octet-stream Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Content-Location: http://up.nytimes.com/?d=0/21/&t=&s=1&ui=14628221&r=&u=www%2enytimes%2ecom%2f2007%2f08%2f28%2fscience%2f28biop%2ehtml%3fpagewanted%3dprint GIF89a=01 ------=_NextPart_000_0019_01C805FB.05B7F050 Content-Type: application/octet-stream Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64 Content-Location: http://wt.o.nytimes.com/dcsa5pgfq10000c9zuysqk0lm_6i8y/njs.gif?dcsuri=/nojavascript&WT.js=No&WT.tv=1.0.7 R0lGODlhAQABAJH/AP///wAAAP///wAAACH/C0FET0JFOklSMS4wAt7tACH5BAEAAAIALAAAAAAB AAEAAAICVAEAOw== ------=_NextPart_000_0019_01C805FB.05B7F050 Content-Type: application/octet-stream Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64 Content-Location: http://www.nytimes.com/adx/bin/clientside/3ec773efQ2FCQ60Q27Q24Q5Ew@.wQ51Q26Q2BQ5EQ26Q60sQ24Q241Q2BwQ2B.sQ24 R0lGODlhBQAFAIAAAMDAwAAAACH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAAFAAUAAAIEhI+pWAA7 ------=_NextPart_000_0019_01C805FB.05B7F050 Content-Type: application/octet-stream Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Content-Location: http://graphics8.nytimes.com/js/common.js /*=0A= $Id: common.js,v 1.11 2006/06/07 19:17:51 santep Exp $=0A= (c) 2006 The New York Times Company=0A= */=0A= =0A= function nameIt() {=0A= window.name =3D 'nytimesmain';=0A= if ((navigator.appName =3D=3D "Microsoft Internet Explorer") && = (document.all.globalsearchform)){=0A= document.all.globalsearchform.style.visibility =3D "visible";=0A= }=0A= }=0A= =0A= function pop_me_up(pURL,features){ =0A= new_window =3D window.open(pURL, "popup_window", features);=0A= new_window.focus();=0A= }=0A= =0A= function pop_me_up2(pURL,name,features){=0A= new_window =3D window.open(pURL,name,features);=0A= new_window.focus();=0A= }=0A= =0A= function changeImage(image_name,image_src) {=0A= document.images[image_name].src =3D image_src;=0A= }=0A= =0A= function goToURL(obj){=0A= var f =3D (obj.section) ? obj : obj.form;=0A= var selected =3D f.section.selectedIndex;=0A= var URL =3D f.section.options[selected].value;=0A= if (URL !=3D "") document.location =3D URL;=0A= return false;=0A= }=0A= =0A= function goToURL2(sel){=0A= // This version only works for onChange events from select objects=0A= // but the select object can have any name, unlike goToURL() which = requires =0A= // the select object to be named "section"=0A= =0A= var selected =3D sel.selectedIndex;=0A= var url =3D sel.options[selected].value;=0A= if (url !=3D "") document.location =3D url;=0A= return false;=0A= }=0A= =0A= if (window.self !=3D window.top) { =0A= top.location.replace(window.location.pathname); =0A= }=0A= //begin functions for Travel flash slideshows=0A= function writeFlashSlideShow(xmlFile){=0A= var swfFile =3D = "/slideshow/swf/slideshow.swf?XMLfile=3D/slideshow/xml/travel/" + = xmlFile;=0A= =0A= var HTMLstr =3D "";=0A= HTMLstr +=3D "";=0A= HTMLstr +=3D "";=0A= HTMLstr +=3D "";=0A= HTMLstr +=3D "";=0A= HTMLstr +=3D "";=0A= HTMLstr +=3D "";=0A= HTMLstr +=3D "";=0A= return HTMLstr;=0A= }=0A= =0A= function showFirstSlide(imgName, photoCredit, photoCaption){=0A= var HTMLstr =3D "";=0A= HTMLstr +=3D "";=0A= HTMLstr +=3D "3D\"photo\"";=0A= HTMLstr +=3D "";=0A= HTMLstr +=3D "
" + = photoCredit + "
";=0A= HTMLstr +=3D "
" + photoCaption + = "
";=0A= return HTMLstr;=0A= }=0A= //end functions for Travel flash slideshows=0A= =0A= //begin functions for Global flash slideshows=0A= function writeEmbeddedFlashSlideShow(xmlFile){=0A= var swfFile =3D = "/slideshow/swf/slideshow.swf?XMLfile=3D/slideshow/xml/" + xmlFile;=0A= =0A= var HTMLstr =3D "";=0A= HTMLstr +=3D "";=0A= HTMLstr +=3D "";=0A= HTMLstr +=3D "";=0A= HTMLstr +=3D "";=0A= HTMLstr +=3D "";=0A= HTMLstr +=3D "";=0A= HTMLstr +=3D "";=0A= return HTMLstr;=0A= }=0A= =0A= function showFirstEmbeddedSlide(imgName, photoCredit, photoCaption){=0A= var HTMLstr =3D "";=0A= HTMLstr +=3D "";=0A= HTMLstr +=3D "3D\"photo\"";=0A= HTMLstr +=3D "";=0A= HTMLstr +=3D "
" + = photoCredit + "
";=0A= HTMLstr +=3D "
" + photoCaption + = "
";=0A= return HTMLstr;=0A= }=0A= //end functions for Global flash slideshows=0A= =0A= =0A= function preloadNavImages(imageNames, imagePath){=0A= var loadedImages =3D new Array();=0A= if (document.images) {=0A= for (var i=3D0; i < imageNames.length; i++){=0A= loadedImages[i] =3D new Image();=0A= loadedImages[i].src =3D imagePath + "nav_" + imageNames[i] + = "_off.gif";=0A= }=0A= }=0A= =0A= }=0A= =0A= function readCookie(value){=0A= var allCookieVals =3D document.cookie.split(";");=0A= for (var i=3D0; i < allCookieVals.length; i++){ //loop through all = cookies=0A= if (allCookieVals[i].indexOf(value) !=3D -1) { //find target cookie=0A= var cookieVal =3D allCookieVals[i].split("=3D"); //split name/value = pair=0A= return cookieVal[1]; //return target cookie value=0A= }=0A= }=0A= }=0A= =0A= function expandMultimediaWindow(){=0A= if (window.resizeTo && window.moveTo) {=0A= window.resizeTo(screen.availWidth, screen.availHeight);=0A= window.moveTo(0,0);=0A= }=0A= }=0A= =0A= function shrinkMultimediaWindow(w,h){=0A= if (window.resizeTo) window.resizeTo(w,h);=0A= if (window.moveTo) {=0A= var winX =3D ((screen.availWidth/2) - (w/2));=0A= var winY =3D ((screen.availHeight/2) - (h/2));=0A= window.moveTo(winX,winY);=0A= }=0A= }=0A= =0A= function ieXLiquidWidth() {=0A= if (document.body.clientWidth < 774) {=0A= return "768px";=0A= } else if (document.body.clientWidth > 984) {=0A= return "980px";=0A= } else {=0A= return "auto";=0A= }=0A= }=0A= =0A= function setClientSizeCookies() {=0A= var client_w =3D document.body.clientWidth;=0A= var path =3D "/";=0A= var domain =3D "nytimes.com";=0A= document.cookie =3D "client_w=3D" + client_w + "; path=3D " + = path + "; domain=3D" + domain;=0A= }=0A= =0A= =0A= =0A= // Function for Classifieds and Most Popular modules=0A= function Accordian(target) {=0A= typeof target =3D=3D "object" ? this.element =3D target : = this.element =3D document.getElementById(target); if (!this.element) = return false; =0A= this.ul =3D this.element.getElementsByTagName("ul")[0]; =0A= this.tabs =3D this.ul.getElementsByTagName("li");=0A= this.tabContent =3D this.getTabContent();=0A= this.bind();=0A= }=0A= =0A= Accordian.prototype.getTabContent =3D function() {=0A= tabContent=3D new Array(); =0A= this.divs =3D this.element.getElementsByTagName("div");=0A= for(var i =3D 0; i < this.divs.length; i++) {=0A= if (/tabContent/i.test(this.divs[i].className)) {=0A= tabContent.push(this.divs[i]); =0A= }=0A= }=0A= return tabContent;=0A= }=0A= =0A= =0A= Accordian.prototype.bind =3D function() { =0A= var o =3D this;=0A= for(var i =3D 0; i < this.tabs.length; i++) {=0A= this.tabs[i].onclick =3D function() { =0A= if (this.className !=3D 'selected') {=0A= o.open(this); return false;=0A= var a =3D this.getElementsByTagName("a")[0];=0A= if (a) a.onclick =3D function() { =0A= return false; =0A= }=0A= }=0A= } =0A= }=0A= }=0A= =0A= Accordian.prototype.open =3D function(caller) { =0A= for(var i =3D 0; i < this.tabs.length; i++) {=0A= var tab =3D this.tabs[i]; =0A= if (tab =3D=3D caller) { =0A= this.collapse();=0A= tab.className =3D "selected"=0A= this.tabContent[i].style.display =3D "block";=0A= }=0A= }=0A= }=0A= =0A= Accordian.prototype.collapse =3D function() {=0A= for(var i =3D 0; i < this.tabs.length; i++) { =0A= this.tabs[i].className =3D "";=0A= this.tabContent[i].style.display =3D "none"; =0A= } =0A= }=0A= =0A= //Function for Google ads links=0A= function linkbox(url, winName) {=0A= window.open(url, winName, =0A= "location=3Dyes,directories=3Dyes,menubar=3Dyes,toolbar=3Dyes,status=3Dye= s,resizable=3Dyes,scrollbars=3Dyes");=0A= } =0A= =0A= =0A= function enhanceAccordians() {=0A= var divs =3D document.getElementsByTagName('div');=0A= for (var i =3D 0; i < divs.length; i++) {=0A= var element =3D divs[i]; =0A= if (/accordian/i.test(element.className)) {=0A= new Accordian(element);=0A= }=0A= } =0A= }=0A= ------=_NextPart_000_0019_01C805FB.05B7F050 Content-Type: application/octet-stream Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Content-Location: http://graphics8.nytimes.com/js/article/articleShare.js // $Id: articleShare.js,v 1.23 2007/09/06 18:08:55 kom Exp $ =0A= =0A= function showHideSwap (id1, id2) {=0A= if (document.getElementById) {=0A= if (document.getElementById(id1).className =3D=3D 'hide' && = document.getElementById(id2).className =3D=3D 'post') {=0A= document.getElementById(id1).className =3D 'show';=0A= document.getElementById(id2).className =3D 'postFrame';=0A= } else {=0A= document.getElementById(id1).className =3D 'hide';=0A= document.getElementById(id2).className =3D 'post';=0A= }=0A= }=0A= }=0A= =0A= function articleShare(site) {=0A= var popUpUrl;=0A= var title =3D getShareHeadline();=0A= var description =3D getShareDescription();=0A= switch (site) {=0A= case "newsvine":=0A= popUpUrl =3D generatePasskeyURL('newsvine');=0A= var keywords =3D getShareSection(); =0A= if(typeof(getShareSubSection) =3D=3D 'function') {=0A= if(getShareSubSection() !=3D '') {=0A= keywords =3D keywords + ',' + getShareSubSection();=0A= }=0A= }=0A= if (getShareKeywords() !=3D '') {=0A= keywords =3D keywords + ',' + getShareKeywords();=0A= }=0A= = postPopUp('http://www.newsvine.com/_wine/save?ver=3D2&popoff=3D0&aff=3Dny= times&t=3D' + keywords + '&e=3D' + description + '&h=3D' + title + = '&u=3D' + popUpUrl, 'newsvine', = 'toolbar=3D0,status=3D0,height=3D445,width=3D650,scrollbars=3Dyes,resizab= le=3Dyes');=0A= s_code_linktrack('Article-Tool-Share-Newsvine');=0A= break;=0A= case "facebook":=0A= popUpUrl =3D generatePasskeyURL('facebook');=0A= postPopUp('http://www.facebook.com/sharer.php?u=3D' + popUpUrl + = '&t=3D' + title, 'facebook', = 'toolbar=3D0,status=3D0,height=3D436,width=3D646,scrollbars=3Dyes,resizab= le=3Dyes');=0A= s_code_linktrack('Article-Tool-Share-Facebook');=0A= break;=0A= case "digg":=0A= popUpUrl =3D generatePasskeyURL('digg');=0A= var topic =3D getShareSection(); =0A= postPopUp('http://digg.com/remote-submit?phase=3D2&url=3D' + popUpUrl = + '&title=3D' + title + '&bodytext=3D' + description, 'digg', = 'toolbar=3D0,status=3D0,height=3D450,width=3D650,scrollbars=3Dyes,resizab= le=3Dyes');=0A= s_code_linktrack('Article-Tool-Share-Digg');=0A= break; =0A= case "permalink":=0A= popUpUrl =3D generatePasskeyURL('permalink');=0A= var section =3D getShareSectionDisplay();=0A= var byline =3D getShareByline();=0A= var pubdate =3D getSharePubdate(); =0A= = postPopUp('http://www.nytimes.com/export_html/common/new_article_post.htm= l?url=3D' + popUpUrl + '&title=3D' + title+ '&summary=3D' + description = + '§ion=3D' + section + '&pubdate=3D' + pubdate + '&byline=3D' + = byline, 'permalink', = 'toolbar=3D0,status=3D0,height=3D410,width=3D490,scrollbars=3Dyes,resizab= le=3Dno');=0A= s_code_linktrack('Article-Tool-Share-Permalink');=0A= break; =0A= }=0A= }=0A= =0A= function generatePasskeyURL(tracker) {=0A= if(document.getElementById) {=0A= var passkey =3D getSharePasskey();=0A= =0A= // make sure passkey exists=0A= if(passkey !=3D '') {=0A= if (decodeURIComponent(getShareURL()).indexOf('?') > 0) {=0A= return getShareURL() + encodeURIComponent('&' + passkey + = '&partner=3D' + tracker + '&exprod=3D' + tracker);=0A= } else {=0A= return getShareURL() + encodeURIComponent('?' + passkey + = '&partner=3D' + tracker + '&exprod=3D' + tracker);=0A= }=0A= } else {=0A= if (decodeURIComponent(getShareURL()).indexOf('?') > 0) {=0A= return getShareURL() + encodeURIComponent('&partner=3D' + tracker + = '&exprod=3D' + tracker);=0A= } else {=0A= return getShareURL() + encodeURIComponent('?partner=3D' + tracker + = '&exprod=3D' + tracker);=0A= }=0A= }=0A= }=0A= }=0A= =0A= function postPopUp(url, name, params) {=0A= var win =3D window.open(url, name, params);=0A= }=0A= =0A= function addPostItem(parentElement, style, post_link, text) {=0A= if( document.createElement ){=0A= var postItem =3D document.createElement("LI");=0A= postItem.className =3D style;=0A= var itemLink =3D document.createElement("A");=0A= itemLink.setAttribute("href", post_link);=0A= //itemLink.setAttribute("onClick", post_link);=0A= itemLink.innerHTML =3D text;=0A= =0A= postItem.appendChild(itemLink);=0A= parentElement.appendChild(postItem);=0A= }=0A= }=0A= =0A= function writePost() {=0A= =0A= if( document.createElement ){=0A= var parentElement =3D document.getElementById('toolsList');=0A= =0A= //create post li=0A= var postElement =3D document.createElement( "LI");=0A= postElement.className =3D "post";=0A= postElement.setAttribute("id", "post");=0A= // create post link=0A= var postLink =3D document.createElement("A");=0A= postLink.setAttribute("href", "#");=0A= //postLink.setAttribute("onClick", "showHideSwap(\'postList\', = \'post\'); return false;");=0A= postLink.onclick =3D function () { showHideSwap('postList', 'post'); = return false; };=0A= postLink.innerHTML =3D " Share";=0A= =0A= postElement.appendChild(postLink);=0A= =0A= // create unordered list for post items=0A= var postList =3D document.createElement("UL");=0A= postList.setAttribute("id","postList"); =0A= postList.className =3D "hide";=0A= =0A= //add post links=0A= addPosts(postList);=0A= =0A= postElement.appendChild(postList);=0A= parentElement.appendChild(postElement);=0A= }=0A= }=0A= =0A= function addPosts(shareList) { =0A= =0A= if(document.getElementById) { =0A= var sList;=0A= =0A= if(typeof(shareList)=3D=3D'string') {=0A= sList =3D document.getElementById(shareList); =0A= }=0A= =0A= else if(typeof(shareList)=3D=3D'object') { =0A= sList =3D shareList;}=0A= =0A= else {return false;}=0A= =0A= addPostItem(sList, "digg", "javascript:articleShare('digg');", = "Digg");=0A= addPostItem(sList, "facebook", = "javascript:articleShare('facebook');", "Facebook");=0A= addPostItem(sList, "newsvine", = "javascript:articleShare('newsvine');", "Newsvine");=0A= addPostItem(sList, "permalink", = "javascript:articleShare('permalink');", "Permalink");=0A= =0A= }=0A= }=0A= =0A= ------=_NextPart_000_0019_01C805FB.05B7F050 Content-Type: application/octet-stream Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Content-Location: http://graphics8.nytimes.com/js/Tacoda_AMS_DDC_Header.js var Tacoda_AMS_DDC_snippet_version =3D "1.3a";=0A= var Tacoda_AMD_DDC_snippet_date =3D "011905";=0A= var Tacoda_AMS_DDC_clist =3D new Array("TID","RMID","nyt-d");=0A= var Tacoda_AMS_DDC_clist_notset =3D null;=0A= var Tacoda_AMS_DDC_keys =3D new Array();=0A= var Tacoda_AMS_DDC_values =3D new Array();=0A= var Tacoda_AMS_DDC_vars_num =3D 0;=0A= function Tacoda_AMS_DDC_getCookie(name) {=0A= var cname =3D name + "=3D";=0A= var dc =3D document.cookie;=0A= if (dc.length > 0) {=0A= for(var begin =3D dc.indexOf(cname); begin !=3D -1; begin =3D =0A= dc.indexOf(cname, begin)) {=0A= if((begin !=3D 0) && (dc.charAt(begin - 1) !=3D ' ')) {=0A= begin++;=0A= continue;=0A= }=0A= begin +=3D cname.length;=0A= var end =3D dc.indexOf(";", begin);=0A= if (end =3D=3D -1)=0A= end =3D dc.length;=0A= return unescape(dc.substring(begin, end));=0A= }=0A= }=0A= return Tacoda_AMS_DDC_clist_notset;=0A= }=0A= function Tacoda_AMS_DDC_addPair(key, value) {=0A= Tacoda_AMS_DDC_keys[Tacoda_AMS_DDC_vars_num] =3D key;=0A= Tacoda_AMS_DDC_values[Tacoda_AMS_DDC_vars_num] =3D value;=0A= Tacoda_AMS_DDC_vars_num++;=0A= }=0A= function Tacoda_AMS_DDC_collect_vars() {=0A= var Tacoda_AMS_DDC_vars_as_string =3D "";=0A= for(var i =3D 0; i < Tacoda_AMS_DDC_vars_num; i++) {=0A= Tacoda_AMS_DDC_vars_as_string +=3D "&var_" + escape( =0A= Tacoda_AMS_DDC_keys[i] ) + "=3D" + escape( Tacoda_AMS_DDC_values[i] ) ;=0A= }=0A= return Tacoda_AMS_DDC_vars_as_string;=0A= }=0A= function Tacoda_AMS_DDC(Tacoda_AMS_DDC_img_url, Tacoda_AMS_DDC_js) {=0A= Tacoda_AMS_DDC_js =3D parseFloat(Tacoda_AMS_DDC_js);=0A= Tacoda_AMS_DDC_args =3D "?" + Math.random() + "&snippet_version=3D" + =0A= Tacoda_AMS_DDC_snippet_version + "&referrer=3D" + = escape(document.referrer) + =0A= "&page=3D" + escape(window.location.href);=0A= Tacoda_AMS_DDC_args +=3D "&timezone=3D" + (new = Date()).getTimezoneOffset();=0A= for(var i =3D 0; i < Tacoda_AMS_DDC_clist.length; i++) {=0A= var clist_name =3D Tacoda_AMS_DDC_clist[i];=0A= var clist_value =3D Tacoda_AMS_DDC_getCookie(clist_name);=0A= if(clist_value !=3D null) {=0A= Tacoda_AMS_DDC_args +=3D "&clist_" + escape(clist_name) + "=3D" + =0A= escape(clist_value);=0A= }=0A= }=0A= Tacoda_AMS_DDC_args +=3D Tacoda_AMS_DDC_collect_vars();=0A= document.write('');=0A= }=0A= =0A= ------=_NextPart_000_0019_01C805FB.05B7F050 Content-Type: application/octet-stream Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Content-Location: http://graphics8.nytimes.com/js/fileit.js // function furlIt(title, url, clip, referrer, partner) {=0A= // var furlit=3Dwindow.open(buildURL(title, url, clip, referrer, = partner, = true),'myfurlwindow','scrollbars=3Dno,width=3D475,height=3D575,left=3D75,= top=3D20,status=3Dno,resizable=3Dyes');=0A= // furlit.focus();=0A= // return false;=0A= // }=0A= =0A= /**=0A= * This function is now exclusively Article Tools Save, =0A= * The SAVE link included within each article=0A= * =0A= */=0A= function furlItNoPop(title, url, clip, referrer, partner) {=0A= articleToolsSave(title, url, clip, referrer, partner);=0A= =0A= }=0A= =0A= /**=0A= * Article tools save=0A= * 1-click with simple confirmation=0A= * =0A= */=0A= function articleToolsSave(title, url, clip, referrer, partner) {=0A= saveArticle(buildURL(title, url, clip, referrer, partner, = "articleToolsSave"));=0A= return false;=0A= =0A= }=0A= =0A= function dropDownToolsSave(title, url, clip, referrer, partner) {=0A= document.location.href =3D buildURL(title, url, clip, referrer, = partner, "normal");=0A= return false;=0A= =0A= }=0A= =0A= function buildURL(title, url, clip, referrer, partner, type) {=0A= =0A= var d =3D document;=0A= =0A= pop =3D "p=3D1";=0A= =0A= if (!title) {=0A= title =3D "";=0A= } else {=0A= title =3D "&t=3D" + encodeIt(title);=0A= }=0A= =0A= if (!url) {=0A= url=3D "&u=3D";=0A= } else {=0A= url =3D "&u=3D" + escape(url);=0A= }=0A= =0A= if (!referrer) {=0A= referrer =3D d.referrer;=0A= if (!referrer) {=0A= referrer =3D "&r=3D";=0A= }=0A= =0A= } else {=0A= referrer =3D "&r=3D" + escape(referrer);=0A= }=0A= =0A= if (partner && partner !=3D "") {=0A= partner =3D "&source=3D" + partner;=0A= } else {=0A= partner =3D "";=0A= }=0A= =0A= if (!clip) {=0A= = d.selection?(d.selection.type!=3D"None"?d.selection.createRange().text:""= ):(d.getSelection?d.getSelection():"");=0A= if (document.selection) {=0A= if (d.selection.type !=3D "None") {=0A= clip =3D d.selection.createRange().text;=0A= }=0A= } else if (d.getSelection) {=0A= clip =3D d.getSelection();=0A= } else if (getSelection) {=0A= clip =3D getSelection();=0A= }=0A= if (!clip) {=0A= clip =3D "";=0A= }=0A= }=0A= clip =3D "&c=3D" + encodeIt(clip);=0A= =0A= if(typeof(getShareSection) !=3D "undefined") {=0A= shareSection =3D "&dt=3D" + getShareSection();=0A= } else {=0A= shareSection =3D "";=0A= }=0A= =0A= if(type =3D=3D "normal") {=0A= return "http://timesfile.nytimes.com/storeIt.jsp?" + pop + title = + url + referrer + partner + clip + shareSection;=0A= =0A= } else if(type =3D=3D "articleToolsSave") {=0A= store =3D "&store=3DnytOneClick";=0A= return "http://timesfile.nytimes.com/store?" + pop + title + url = + referrer + partner + store + clip + shareSection;=0A= =0A= } else {=0A= store =3D "&store=3DmostPopularOneClick";=0A= =0A= if(days) {=0A= days =3D "&days=3D" + days;=0A= }=0A= =0A= if(mppg) {=0A= page =3D "&page" + mppg;=0A= }=0A= =0A= //prompt("MP One Click Save URL", = "http://timesfile.nytimes.com/store?" + pop + title + url + referrer + = partner + store + clip + shareSection + page + days);=0A= =0A= return "http://timesfile.nytimes.com/store?" + pop + title + url = + referrer + partner + store + clip + shareSection + page + days;=0A= =0A= }=0A= =0A= }=0A= =0A= function encodeIt(strToEncode) {=0A= if (typeof(encodeURIComponent) !=3D 'function') {=0A= retVal =3D escape(strToEncode);=0A= =0A= } else {=0A= retVal =3D encodeURIComponent(strToEncode);=0A= =0A= }=0A= return retVal;=0A= }=0A= =0A= function decodeIt(strToDecode) {=0A= if (typeof(decodeURIComponent) !=3D 'function') {=0A= retVal =3D unescape(strToEncode);=0A= =0A= } else {=0A= retVal =3D decodeURIComponent(strToDecode);=0A= =0A= }=0A= return retVal;=0A= }=0A= =0A= function saveArticle(url) {=0A= var int_windowLeft =3D (screen.width - 420) / 2;=0A= var int_windowTop =3D (screen.height - 370) / 2;=0A= var str_windowProperties =3D ',top=3D' + int_windowTop + ',left=3D' + = int_windowLeft ;=0A= new_window =3D = window.open(url,"save","width=3D420,height=3D370,scrollbars=3D0,statusbar= =3D0,resizable=3D1,toolbar=3D0,location=3D0,menubar=3D0"+str_windowProper= ties);=0A= new_window.focus();=0A= } ------=_NextPart_000_0019_01C805FB.05B7F050 Content-Type: application/octet-stream Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Content-Location: http://graphics8.nytimes.com/js/common/screen/DropDown.js function DropDown( dropDownId ){=0A= if( window.dropDowns && window.dropDowns[dropDownId] ){ // already = registered=0A= return window.dropDowns[dropDownId];=0A= } else { // unregistered=0A= this.elementId =3D dropDownId;=0A= this.mouseOver =3D false;=0A= this.timeoutID;=0A= =0A= var ddObj =3D this.getElement();=0A= =0A= // if( ddObj.className !=3D "dropDown" ) throw new Error( = this.elementId + " is not a valid DropDown. Please make sure you have = provided it a CSS class of 'dropDown'." );=0A= =0A= //register=0A= if( !window.dropDowns ) window.dropDowns =3D new Object();=0A= window.dropDowns[this.dropDownId] =3D this;=0A= } =0A= }=0A= =0A= DropDown.prototype.show =3D function(){=0A= ddObj =3D this.getElement();=0A= ddObj.style.visibility =3D "visible";=0A= =0A= ddObj.onmouseout =3D function( event ){=0A= window.dropDowns[this.elementId].mouseOver =3D false;=0A= this.timeoutID =3D window.setTimeout( "window.dropDowns['" + = this.elementId + "'].checkOver();" , 500 );=0A= =0A= }=0A= =0A= ddObj.onmouseover =3D function( event ){=0A= window.dropDowns[this.elementId].mouseOver =3D true;=0A= window.clearTimeout(this.timeoutID);=0A= }=0A= }=0A= =0A= DropDown.prototype.TimeOut =3D function(){=0A= var ddObj =3D this;=0A= this.timeoutID =3D window.setTimeout( function(){ddObj.checkOver();} , = 500 );=0A= }=0A= =0A= DropDown.prototype.hide =3D function(){=0A= this.getElement().style.visibility =3D "hidden";=0A= }=0A= =0A= DropDown.prototype.getElement =3D function(){=0A= return document.getElementById( this.elementId );=0A= }=0A= =0A= DropDown.prototype.checkOver =3D function(){=0A= if( this.mouseOver =3D=3D false ) this.hide();=0A= }=0A= ------=_NextPart_000_0019_01C805FB.05B7F050 Content-Type: application/octet-stream Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Content-Location: http://graphics8.nytimes.com/js/common/screen/modifyNavigationDisplay.js function modifyNavigationDisplay(){=0A= if(document.createElement && document.getElementById( "navigation")) { =0A= var navDiv =3D document.getElementById( "navigation" );=0A= var navList =3D evalChildNodes( navDiv , ["nodeName.toLowerCase() = =3D=3D 'ul'" , "className =3D=3D 'tabs'"] );=0A= var selectedItem =3D evalChildNodes ( navList , ["className =3D=3D = 'selected'" , "nodeName.toLowerCase() =3D=3D 'li'"] ); if = (!selectedItem) return false;=0A= var subNavList =3D evalChildNodes( selectedItem , = ["nodeName.toLowerCase() =3D=3D 'ul'"] );=0A= =0A= if(subNavList) {=0A= =0A= subNavList.id =3D "sub" + selectedItem.id;=0A= =0A= var subNavDiv =3D document.createElement( "DIV" );=0A= subNavDiv.id =3D "subNavigation";=0A= navDiv.appendChild( subNavDiv );=0A= selectedItem.removeChild( subNavList );=0A= =0A= subNavDiv.appendChild( subNavList );=0A= }=0A= }=0A= }=0A= =0A= =0A= =0A= function evalChildNodes( parentObj , evalStatementArray ){=0A= var evalStatement =3D new String();=0A= =0A= try{=0A= for( iESA=3D0 ; iESA < evalStatementArray.length ; iESA++ ){=0A= if( iESA !=3D 0 ) evalStatement +=3D " && ";=0A= evalStatement +=3D " parentObj.childNodes[iECN]." + = evalStatementArray[iESA] + " ";=0A= }=0A= =0A= for( iECN=3D0 ; iECN < parentObj.childNodes.length ; iECN++ ){=0A= if( eval( evalStatement ) ){=0A= return parentObj.childNodes[iECN];=0A= }=0A= }=0A= return null;=0A= } catch( e ){=0A= return null;=0A= }=0A= } ------=_NextPart_000_0019_01C805FB.05B7F050 Content-Type: application/octet-stream Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Content-Location: http://graphics8.nytimes.com/js/common/screen/altClickToSearch.js /* modified version of original answers_embed1.js=0A= * points to nytimes.com Reference/Answers.com search=0A= * answers_embed1.js -- enables alt-click inside document and call = Answers.com query=0A= * Disclaimer: This is a beta version.=0A= * Copyright (c) Answers Corporation 1999-2006. All rights reserved.=0A= */=0A= var openBlockedPopupsInline=3Dfalse;=0A= var ANSW_Trigger_trigger=3D"dblclick";=0A= var ANSW_Trigger_triggerModKey=3D""; =0A= =0A= if (typeof ANSW_Trigger_trigger =3D=3D "undefined")=0A= ANSW_Trigger_trigger =3D "click"; // or dblclick=0A= if (typeof ANSW_Trigger_triggerModKey =3D=3D "undefined")=0A= ANSW_Trigger_triggerModKey =3D "altKey";=0A= var moz=3Dfalse;=0A= var isOpera =3D navigator.userAgent.toLowerCase().indexOf("opera") !=3D = -1;=0A= if (document.all =3D=3D null && document.getElementById !=3D null && = document.layers =3D=3D null) {=0A= moz =3D true;=0A= document.addEventListener(ANSW_Trigger_trigger, function (e) { = window.event =3D e;}, true); // using capture=0A= }=0A= function ActivateAnswers() {=0A= if (typeof ANSW_Trigger_triggerModKey !=3D "undefined" && = ANSW_Trigger_triggerModKey =3D=3D "altKey")=0A= ANSW_Trigger_triggerModCond =3D event.altKey;=0A= else=0A= ANSW_Trigger_triggerModCond =3D true;=0A= if (!moz && window.event && ANSW_Trigger_triggerModCond && document && = document.body) {=0A= if (document.readyState !=3D "complete" || = event.srcElement.getAttribute('noAnswerTip') || = ANSW_Trigger_trigger=3D=3D"dblclick" && ANSW_Trigger_triggerModKey = =3D=3D "" && event.srcElement.tagName =3D=3D "A") return false; //exit = function for IE browsers=0A= var wordsRange =3D 4;=0A= var rng;=0A= rng =3D document.selection.createRange();=0A= rng.collapse();=0A= rng.expand("word");=0A= if (rng.text.length =3D=3D 0 || document.selection.type =3D=3D = "None")=0A= {=0A= if (event && event.srcElement && = event.srcElement.isTextEdit) {=0A= rng=3Devent.srcElement.createTextRange();=0A= }=0A= else {=0A= var el =3D event.srcElement.parentTextEdit;=0A= rng =3D el.createTextRange();=0A= }=0A= rng.moveToPoint(event.clientX, event.clientY);=0A= }=0A= originalRng =3D rng.duplicate();=0A= rng.expand("word");=0A= var str =3D "";=0A= var iStartWord =3D -1;=0A= var bFirstWord, bLastWord;=0A= var afterWordsCount =3D 0;=0A= var beforeWordsCount =3D 0;=0A= =0A= =0A= // move back=0A= while (!bFirstWord && rng.text && = beforeWordsCount<=3DwordsRange) {=0A= if (-1 !=3D rng.text.search(/\S/) ) {=0A= str =3D rng.text + str;=0A= if (rng.text.search(/\s/) > -1 || = iStartWord=3D=3D-1) {=0A= beforeWordsCount++;=0A= iStartWord++;=0A= }=0A= }=0A= if (rng.move("word", -1)) rng.expand("word");=0A= else bFirstWord =3D true;=0A= }=0A= =0A= =0A= // move forward=0A= rng =3D originalRng;=0A= if (rng.move("word", 1)) rng.expand("word");=0A= else bLastWord =3D true;=0A= =0A= =0A= while (!bLastWord && rng.text && afterWordsCount 0 && iStartWord >=3D 0) = LaunchWBQuery(str,iStartWord, null);=0A= =0A= =0A= event.returnValue =3D false;=0A= return false;=0A= }=0A= else if (ANSW_Trigger_triggerModCond && event.rangeParent && = event.rangeParent.nodeType =3D=3D document.TEXT_NODE) {=0A= if (event.target.getAttribute('noAnswerTip') || = ANSW_Trigger_trigger=3D=3D"dblclick" && ANSW_Trigger_triggerModKey = =3D=3D "" && event.target.tagName =3D=3D "A") return false; //exit = function if mozilla browser=0A= var rangeOffset =3D event.rangeOffset;=0A= var range =3D document.createRange();=0A= range.selectNode(event.rangeParent);=0A= var rngstr =3D range.toString();=0A= range.detach();=0A= =0A= =0A= // remove leading white space=0A= var nonWS =3D rngstr.search(/\S/);=0A= rngstr =3D rngstr.substr(nonWS).replace(/(\r|\n)/, " ");=0A= rangeOffset -=3D nonWS;=0A= =0A= =0A= // which word is the focus word - i.e. which word the = rangeOffset is in=0A= var startstr =3D rngstr.substring(0, rangeOffset);=0A= var endstr =3D rngstr.substring(rangeOffset, rngstr.length);=0A= var wordlist =3D startstr.split(/\s+/);=0A= var wordlist2 =3D endstr.split(/\s+/);=0A= if (wordlist.length > 4)=0A= wordlist =3D wordlist.slice(wordlist.length-4);=0A= if (wordlist2.length > 5)=0A= wordlist2 =3D wordlist2.slice(0, 4);=0A= rngstr =3D wordlist.join(" ") + wordlist2.join(" ");=0A= var iStartWord =3D wordlist.length - 1;=0A= if (rngstr.length > 0 && iStartWord >=3D 0) {=0A= LaunchWBQuery(rngstr, iStartWord, null);=0A= }=0A= event.preventDefault(); event.stopPropagation();=0A= }=0A= }=0A= =0A= =0A= function LaunchWBQuery(s, fw, myobj) {=0A= if (typeof fw =3D=3D "undefined") fw =3D '';=0A= =0A= =0A= if (typeof answersURL =3D=3D "undefined" || answersURL =3D=3D = "") {=0A= if (location.host =3D=3D "lac") answersURL =3D = "http://lac/";=0A= else answersURL =3D = "http://query.nytimes.com/search/query?srchst=3Dref&query=3D";=0A= }=0A= if (typeof s =3D=3D "undefined" || s =3D=3D null) {=0A= if (typeof myobj !=3D "undefined" && myobj !=3D null && = typeof myobj.s !=3D "undefined")=0A= s =3D myobj.s.value;=0A= else=0A= s =3D "";=0A= }=0A= if (s !=3D "") {=0A= if (typeof ANSW !=3D "undefined" && typeof (ANSW.b5) = !=3D "undefined") {=0A= if (document.documentElement && = document.documentElement.scrollTop)=0A= theTop =3D = document.documentElement.scrollTop;=0A= else if (document.body)=0A= theTop =3D document.body.scrollTop=0A= if (document.documentElement && = document.documentElement.scrollLeft)=0A= theX =3D = document.documentElement.scrollLeft;=0A= else if (document.body)=0A= theX =3D document.body.scrollLeft=0A= y =3D theTop + event.clientY;=0A= x =3D theX =3D event.clientX;=0A= if (typeof (ANSW.nafid) !=3D "undefined")=0A= ANSW.b5.FireQuery(s,y,x,fw,ANSW.nafid);=0A= else=0A= ANSW.b5.FireQuery(s,y,x,fw);=0A= }=0A= else {=0A= var s_esc =3D "";=0A= for (var i =3D 0; i< s.length;i++){=0A= var c =3D s.charCodeAt(i);=0A= if (c=3D=3D8216||c=3D=3D8217) s_esc +=3D = "'"=0A= else if = (c=3D=3D8220||c=3D=3D8221)s_esc+=3D'"'=0A= else if = (c=3D=3D8211||c=3D=3D8212)s_esc+=3D'-'=0A= else s_esc +=3D s.charAt(i);=0A= }=0A= var sep =3D answersURL.indexOf("?")<0 ? "?" : = "&";=0A= var newurl =3D answersURL + s_esc + sep + = "fw=3D" + fw;=0A= var newwin =3D = window.open(newurl,'GuruWnd','height=3D450,width=3D800,location,menubar,t= oolbar,status,resizable,scrollbars');=0A= if (newwin) newwin.focus();=0A= else if (openBlockedPopupsInline)location.href = =3D newurl;=0A= }=0A= }=0A= else return false;=0A= }=0A= =0A= =0A= function noSelect() {=0A= if (event && event.ctrlKey && event.altKey) return false;=0A= }=0A= =0A= =0A= if (document.addEventListener)=0A= document.addEventListener(ANSW_Trigger_trigger, ActivateAnswers, = true);=0A= else if (document.all) {=0A= if (ANSW_Trigger_trigger =3D=3D "dblclick")=0A= document.ondblclick =3D ActivateAnswers;=0A= else if (ANSW_Trigger_trigger =3D=3D "click"){=0A= document.onclick =3D ActivateAnswers;=0A= document.onselectstart =3D noSelect;=0A= }=0A= }=0A= ------=_NextPart_000_0019_01C805FB.05B7F050 Content-Type: application/octet-stream Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Content-Location: http://www.sphere.com/widgets/sphereit/js?siteid=nytimes_science /* -- BEGIN SPHERE JS -- */ =20 Sphere =3D {} Sphere.Tracker =3D new function() { this.track =3D function ( ele, site, area ) { if( !ele.href ) return; var imgurl =3D = 'http://stats.sphere.com/widgets/sphereit/?action=3Dclick&siteid=3D'+site= +'&q=3D'+area+'&url=3D'+ele.href; var trackimg =3D new Image(); trackimg.src =3D imgurl; wait(150); =20 } } Sphere.Widget =3D new function() { var SKELETON_MARKUP =3D '
powered = by

Related Blogs and Articles

3D"loading"We\'re getting you the good stuff...
'; var CONTENT_URL =3D = 'http://www.sphere.com/widgets/sphereit/content?siteid=3Dnytimes_science'= ; if(document.characterSet) CONTENT_URL +=3D = ('&cset=3D'+escape(document.characterSet)); CONTENT_URL +=3D '&url=3D'; var widget; var widgetContent; var widgetLoading; var content; =20 =20 =09 if(document.getElementsByTagName('base').length>0) {=20 if (window.addEventListener){ window.addEventListener('load', appendStylesheet, false);=20 } else if (window.attachEvent){ window.attachEvent('onload', appendStylesheet); } =20 } else { appendStylesheet(); } =09 =20 var imgurl =3D = 'http://stats.sphere.com/widgets/sphereit/?action=3Dpage&siteid=3Dnytimes= _science'; var trackimg =3D new Image(); trackimg.src =3D imgurl; =20 =09 this.search =3D function( source ) { if( !content || (source && content.source!=3Dsource ) ) { requestContent( source ); if( widget ){ widget.parentNode.removeChild(widget); = content=3Dnull; widget=3Dnull; } } if( !widget ) draw(); show(); =20 var reqimgurl =3D = 'http://stats.sphere.com/widgets/sphereit/?action=3Ddisplay&siteid=3Dnyti= mes_science'; reqimg =3D new Image(); reqimg.src =3D reqimgurl; reqimg.style.display =3D 'none'; document.body.appendChild(reqimg); =09 return false; } =20 this.close =3D function() { if( widget ) widget.style.display =3D'none'; } this.processContent =3D function (incomingContent) { content =3D incomingContent; for(i=3D0;i<1000;i++){ test=3D'444'}; if( !widgetContent ) return; widgetContent.innerHTML =3D content.content; widgetContent.style.height =3D widgetLoading.clientHeight +'px'; widgetLoading.style.display =3D 'none'; widgetContent.style.display =3D 'block'; zoomToFull(); =20 } function requestContent( local ) { //alert("requestContent"); Sphere.Widget.script =3D document.createElement('script'); Sphere.Widget.script.src =3D CONTENT_URL + escape(local || = location.href); setTimeout(function(){ = document.body.appendChild(Sphere.Widget.script);}, 1); } =20 function zoomToFull() { //alert("zoomToFull"); Animator.add( { process: function() { if( widgetContent.clientHeight >=3D = widgetContent.scrollHeight-20) { widgetContent.style.height =3D = widgetContent.scrollHeight+'px'; if( iecheck() ) {=20 ieahack(widget.getElementsByTagName("a")); = document.getElementById("sphereiframeblock").style.height =3D = (Number(widget.scrollHeight)-24)+'px'; = document.getElementById("sphereiframeblock").style.display =3D 'block'; alphaBackgrounds(); =20 }=20 center(); return false; } widgetContent.style.height =3D = (widgetContent.clientHeight + 20) +'px'; center(); return true; } }); } =20 function ieahack( col ) { for( var i=3D0; i"); } function iecheck(inc_seven) { if (navigator.platform =3D=3D "Win32" && navigator.appName =3D=3D = "Microsoft Internet Explorer" && window.attachEvent) { var rslt =3D navigator.appVersion.match(/MSIE (\d+\.\d+)/, ''); var iever =3D (inc_seven)?(rslt !=3D null && Number(rslt[1]) >=3D = 5.5):(rslt !=3D null && Number(rslt[1]) >=3D 5.5 && Number(rslt[1]) < 7 = ); } return iever; } function wait(ms){ var now=3Dnew Date();var = exitTime=3Dnow.getTime()+ms;while(true){now=3Dnew = Date();if(now.getTime()>exitTime){return;}}} function alphaBackgrounds() { //alert('alphaBackgrounds()'); if (navigator.platform =3D=3D "Win32" && navigator.appName =3D=3D = "Microsoft Internet Explorer" && window.attachEvent) { var rslt =3D navigator.appVersion.match(/MSIE (\d+\.\d+)/, ''); var itsAllGood =3D (rslt !=3D null && Number(rslt[1]) >=3D 5.5 && = Number(rslt[1]) < 7 ); for (i=3D0; i20=3DMore than 20';=0A= s_nyTimesVisitNum('s_eVar5','s_vnum1',g1,'s_campaign');=0A= =0A= }=0A= =0A= /************************** PLUGINS SECTION *************************/=0A= function s_c_r(k){=0A= var d=3Dnew Date,v,c,i,m,e;v=3Ds_c_rr(k);if(v)return v;k=3Ds_ape(k);c=3D=0A= s_c_rr('s_pers');i=3Dc.indexOf(' = '+k+'=3D');c=3Di<0?s_c_rr('s_sess'):c;i=3D=0A= c.indexOf(' = '+k+'=3D');m=3Di<0?i:c.indexOf('|',i);e=3Di<0?i:c.indexOf(';',=0A= i);m=3Dm>0?m:e;v=3Di<0?'':s_epa(c.substring(i+2+k.length,m<0?c.length:m)=0A= );if(m>0&&m!=3De)if(parseInt(c.substring(m+1,e<0?c.length:e))<=0A= d.getTime()){d.setTime(d.getTime()-60000);s_c_w(s_epa(k),'',d);v=3D''}=0A= return v}=0A= function s_c_w(k,v,e){=0A= var d=3Dnew = Date,ht=3D0,pn=3D's_pers',sn=3D's_sess',pc=3D0,sc=3D0,pv,sv,c,i,t=0A= d.setTime(d.getTime()-60000);if(s_c_rr(k)) s_c_wr(k,'',d);k=3Ds_ape(k)=0A= pv=3Ds_c_rr(pn);i=3Dpv.indexOf(' = '+k+'=3D');if(i>-1){pv=3Dpv.substring(0,i)+=0A= pv.substring(pv.indexOf(';',i)+1);pc=3D1}sv=3Ds_c_rr(sn);i=3Dsv.indexOf(=0A= ' '+k+'=3D');if(i>-1){sv=3Dsv.substring(0,i)+sv.substring(sv.indexOf(';'=0A= ,i)+1);sc=3D1}d=3Dnew Date;if(e){if(e.getTime()>d.getTime()){pv+=3D' = '+k+=0A= '=3D'+s_ape(v)+'|'+e.getTime()+';';pc=3D1}}else{sv+=3D' = '+k+'=3D'+s_ape(v)+=0A= ';';sc=3D1}if(sc)s_c_wr(sn,sv,0);if(pc){t=3Dpv;while(t){var = t1=3DparseInt(=0A= t.substring(t.indexOf('|')+1,t.indexOf(';')));t=3Dt.substring(=0A= t.indexOf(';')+1);ht=3Dht1800000){vn++;if(g)s_vpr(vs,s_pt(g,',',s_group,vn));else s_vpr(=0A= vs,vn)}s_c_w(cn,ts+'|'+vn,e)}else{if(s_c_w(cn,ts+'|1',e))if(g)s_vpr(=0A= vs,s_pt(g,',',s_group,1));else s_vpr(vs,1)}}function s_group(e,a){=0A= var = i=3De.indexOf('=3D'),v=3D'';if(i!=3D-1){v=3De.substring(i+1,e.length);=0A= e=3De.substring(0,i)}else v=3De;i=3De.indexOf('-');if(i!=3D-1){if(a>=3D=0A= parseInt(e.substring(0,i))&&a<=3DparseInt(e.substring(i+1,e.length)))=0A= return v}i=3De.indexOf('<');if(i!=3D-1){if(a');if(i!=3D-1){if(a>parseInt(=0A= e.substring(1,e.length)))return v}if(parseInt(e)=3D=3Da)return v}=0A= function s_vp_campaignInCookie(vs,cv,p,c,e){=0A= var exp=3Dnew Date,sec=3Dexp.getTime();exp.setTime(sec+e*1000);=0A= if( s_vp_getValue(cv)!=3D''){s_c_w(c,s_vp_getValue(cv),exp)}=0A= if(s_c_r(c)!=3D''){s_vpr(vs,s_c_r(c)+': '+s_vp_getValue(p))}}=0A= function s_vp_getValue(vs)=0A= {var k=3Dvs.substring(0,2)=3D=3D's_'?vs.substring(2):vs;return s_wd[=0A= 's_vpm_'+k]?s_wd['s_vpv_'+k]:s_gg(k)}=0A= function s_vp_getCGI(vs,k)=0A= {var v=3D'';if(k&&s_wd.location.search){var q=3Ds_wd.location.search,=0A= qq=3Dq.indexOf('?');q=3Dqq<0?q:q.substring(qq+1);v=3Ds_pt(q,'&',s_cgif,=0A= k)}s_vpr(vs,v)}function s_cgif(t,k){if(t){var te=3Dt.indexOf('=3D'),=0A= sk=3Dte<0?t:t.substring(0,te),sv=3Dte<0?'True':t.substring(te+1);if(=0A= sk=3D=3Dk)return s_epa(sv)}return ''}=0A= function s_vp_getCookie(vs,k)=0A= {s_vpr(vs,s_c_r(k))}=0A= function s_vp_getFormAbandonState(vs,lt,ln)=0A= {if(!s_wd.s_vp_faolr){s_wd.s_vp_faol=3Ds_wd.onload;s_wd.onload=3D=0A= s_vp_fas;s_wd.s_vp_favs=3Dvs;s_wd.s_vp_falt=3Dlt;s_wd.s_vp_faln=3Dln=0A= s_wd.s_vp_faolr=3D1}}var s_vp_faolr=3D0;function s_vp_fas(e){var r=3D=0A= true;if(s_wd.s_vp_faol)r=3Ds_wd.s_vp_faol(e);if(s_d.forms&&=0A= s_d.forms.length>0){var vs=3Ds_wd.s_vp_favs,p=3Ds_gg('pageName'),fn,=0A= f,en,el,t,oc,och;for(fn=3D0;fn=3D0)||(oc.indexOf(=0A= 'form.')>=3D0))&&oc.indexOf("submit(")>=3D0)el.onclick=3Ds_vp_fasu;else=0A= el.onclick=3Ds_vp_fac}else{el.s_vp_faoch=3Del.onchange;if(((f.name&&=0A= och.indexOf(f.name)>=3D0)||(och.indexOf('form.')>=3D0))&&och.indexOf(=0A= "submit(")>=3D0)el.onchange=3Ds_vp_fasu;else el.onchange=3Ds_vp_fac }}}=0A= }f.s_vp_faos=3Df.onsubmit;f.onsubmit=3Ds_vp_fasu}s_wd.s_vp_faul=3D=0A= s_wd.onunload;s_wd.onunload=3Ds_vp_fa}return r}function s_vp_fa(e){=0A= var vs=3Ds_wd.s_vp_favs;if(vs&&s_wd[vs]){s_lnk=3Dnew Object=0A= s_linkType=3Ds_wd.s_vp_falt;s_linkName=3Ds_wd.s_vp_faln;s_gs('')=0A= s_lnk=3D''}if(s_wd.s_vp_faul)return s_wd.s_vp_faul(e);return true}=0A= function s_vp_fasu(e){var vs=3Ds_wd.s_vp_favs;if(vs)s_wd[vs]=3D'';if(=0A= this.s_vp_faos)return this.s_vp_faos(e);if(this.s_vp_faoc)=0A= return this.s_vp_faoc(e);if(this.s_vp_faoch)=0A= return this.s_vp_faoch(e);return true}function s_vp_fac(e){var b=3D=0A= "s_gs(",vs=3Ds_wd.s_vp_favs,f=3Dthis.form,p=3Ds_gg('pageName');if(vs)=0A= s_wd[vs]=3D(f.name?f.name:(p?p:''))+':'+(this.name?this.name:'')=0A= if(this.s_vp_faoc)return this.s_vp_faoc(e);if(this.s_vp_faoch)=0A= return this.s_vp_faoch(e);return true}=0A= function s_vpr(vs,v){if(s_wd[vs])s_wd[vs]=3Ds_wd[vs];else s_wd[vs]=3D''=0A= if(vs.substring(0,2) =3D=3D = 's_')vs=3Dvs.substring(2);s_wd['s_vpv_'+vs]=3Dv=0A= s_wd['s_vpm_'+vs]=3D1}function s_dt(tz,t){var d=3Dnew = Date;if(t)d.setTime(=0A= t);d=3Dnew Date(d.getTime()+(d.getTimezoneOffset()*60*1000))=0A= return new Date(Math.floor(d.getTime()+(tz*60*60*1000)))}=0A= function s_vh_gt(k,v){var vh=3D'|'+s_c_r('s_vh_'+k),vi=3Dvh.indexOf('|'+v=0A= +'=3D'),ti=3Dvi<0?vi:vi+2+v.length,pi=3Dvh.indexOf('|',ti),t=3Dti<0?'':=0A= vh.substring(ti,pi<0?vh.length:pi);return t}function s_vh_gl(k){var=0A= vh=3Ds_c_r('s_vh_'+k),e=3Dvh?vh.indexOf('=3D'):0;return = vh?(vh.substring(0,=0A= e?e:vh.length)):''}function s_vh_s(k,v){if(k&&v){var e=3Dnew Date,st=3D=0A= e.getTime(),y=3De.getYear(),c=3D's_vh_'+k,vh=3D'|'+s_c_r(c)+'|',t=3Ds_vh_= gt(k,=0A= v);e.setYear((y<1900?y+1900:y)+5);if(t)vh=3Ds_rep(vh,'|'+v+'=3D'+t+'|','|= '=0A= );if(vh.substring(0,1)=3D=3D'|')vh=3Dvh.substring(1);if(vh.substring(=0A= vh.length-1,vh.length)=3D=3D'|')vh=3Dvh.substring(0,vh.length-1);vh=3Dv=0A= +'=3D[PCC]'+(vh?'|'+vh:'');s_c_w(c,vh,e);if(s_vh_gt(k,v)!=3D'[PCC]')=0A= return 0;vh=3Ds_rep(vh,'[PCC]',st);s_c_w(c,vh,e)}return 1}=0A= /************* DO NOT ALTER ANYTHING BELOW THIS LINE ! **************/=0A= var s_linkType,s_linkName,s_objectID,s_un,s_ios=3D0,s_q=3D'',s_code=3D'',=0A= code=3D'',s_bcr=3D0,s_lnk=3D'',s_eo=3D'',s_vb,s_pl,s_tfs=3D0,s_etfs=3D0,s= _wd=3D=0A= window,s_d=3Ds_wd.document,s_ssl=3D(s_wd.location.protocol.toLowerCase(=0A= ).indexOf('https')>=3D0),s_n=3Dnavigator,s_u=3Ds_n.userAgent,s_apn=3D=0A= s_n.appName,s_v=3Ds_n.appVersion,s_apv,s_i,s_ie=3Ds_v.indexOf('MSIE '),=0A= s_ns6=3Ds_u.indexOf('Netscape6/'),s_em=3D0;if(s_v.indexOf('Opera')>=3D0||=0A= s_u.indexOf('Opera')>=3D0)s_apn=3D'Opera';var s_isie=3D(s_apn=3D=3D=0A= 'Microsoft Internet = Explorer'),s_isns=3D(s_apn=3D=3D'Netscape'),s_isopera=3D(=0A= s_apn=3D=3D'Opera'),s_ismac=3D(s_u.indexOf('Mac')>=3D0);if(s_ie>0){s_apv=3D=0A= parseInt(s_i=3Ds_v.substring(s_ie+5));if(s_apv>3)s_apv=3DparseFloat(s_i)}=0A= else if(s_ns6>0)s_apv=3DparseFloat(s_u.substring(s_ns6+10));else s_apv=3D=0A= parseFloat(s_v);if(String.fromCharCode){s_i=3Descape(=0A= String.fromCharCode(256)).toUpperCase();s_em=3D(s_i=3D=3D'%C4%80'?2:(s_i=3D= =3D=0A= '%U0100'?1:0))}function s_fl(s,l){return s?(s+'').substring(0,l):s}=0A= function s_co(o){if(!o)return o;var n=3Dnew Object,x;for(x in o)if(=0A= x.indexOf("select")<0&&x.indexOf("filter")<0)n[x]=3Do[x];return n}=0A= function s_num(x){var s=3Dx.toString(),g=3D'0123456789',p,d=0A= for(p=3D0;p=0A= 0?n.length:1;while(s&&i>=3D0){s=3Ds.substring(0,i)+n+s.substring(i=0A= +o.length);i=3Ds.indexOf(o,i+l)}return s}function s_ape(x){var i;x=3Dx?=0A= s_rep(escape(''+x),'+','%2B'):x;if(x&&s_gg('charSet')&&s_em=3D=3D1&&=0A= x.indexOf('%u')<0&&x.indexOf('%U')<0){i=3Dx.indexOf('%');while(i>=3D0){i+= +=0A= if(('89ABCDEFabcdef').indexOf(x.substring(i,i+1))>=3D0)=0A= return x.substring(0,i)+'u00'+x.substring(i);i=3Dx.indexOf('%',i)}}=0A= return x}function s_epa(s){return s?unescape(s_rep(''+s,'+',' ')):s}=0A= function s_pt(s,d,f,a){var = t=3Ds,x=3D0,y,r;while(t){y=3Dt.indexOf(d);y=3Dy<0?=0A= t.length:y;t=3Dt.substring(0,y);r=3Df(t,a);if(r)return = r;x+=3Dy+d.length;t=3D=0A= s.substring(x,s.length);t=3Dx=3D0)a=3Da.substring(0,c);if(t.substring(0,2=0A= )=3D=3D's_')t=3Dt.substring(2);return (t!=3D''&&t=3D=3Da)}function = s_fsf(t,a){if(=0A= s_pt(a,',',s_isf,t))s_fsg+=3D(s_fsg!=3D''?',':'')+t;return 0}var s_fsg=0A= function s_fs(s,f){s_fsg=3D'';s_pt(s,',',s_fsf,f);return s_fsg}var = s_c_d=3D'';=0A= function s_c_gdf(t,a){if(!s_num(t))return 1;return 0}function s_c_gd()=0A= {var = d=3Ds_wd.location.hostname,n=3Ds_gg('jsCookieDomainPeriods'),n2=3Ds_gg(=0A= 'cookieDomainPeriods'),p;if(d&&!s_c_d){n=3Dn?n:n2;n=3Dn?parseInt(n):2;n=3D= n>=0A= 2?n:2;p=3Dd.lastIndexOf('.');while(p>=3D0&&n>1){p=3Dd.lastIndexOf('.',p-1= );=0A= n--}s_c_d=3Dp>0&&s_pt(d,'.',s_c_gdf,0)?d.substring(p):d}return s_c_d}=0A= function s_c_rr(k){k=3Ds_ape(k);var c=3D' '+s_d.cookie,s=3Dc.indexOf(' = '+k=0A= +'=3D'),e=3Ds<0?s:c.indexOf(';',s),v=3Ds<0?'':s_epa(c.substring(s+2=0A= +k.length,e<0?c.length:e));return v!=3D'[[B]]'?v:''}function s_c_wr(k,v,e=0A= ){var d=3Ds_c_gd(),l=3Ds_gg('cookieLifetime'),s;v=3D''+v;l=3Dl?(''+l=0A= ).toUpperCase():'';if(e&&l!=3D'SESSION'&&l!=3D'NONE'){s=3D(v!=3D''?parseI= nt(l?=0A= l:0):-60);if(s){e=3Dnew Date;e.setTime(e.getTime()+(s*1000))}}if(k&&l!=3D=0A= 'NONE'){s_d.cookie=3Dk+'=3D'+s_ape(v!=3D''?v:'[[B]]')+'; = path=3D/;'+(e&&l!=3D=0A= 'SESSION'?' expires=3D'+e.toGMTString()+';':'')+(d?' domain=3D'+d+';':'')=0A= return s_c_r(k)=3D=3Dv}return 0}function s_cet(f,a,et,oe,fb){var = r,d=3D0;if(=0A= !d){if(s_ismac&&s_u.indexOf('MSIE 4')>=3D0)return fb(a);else{s_wd.s_oe=3D=0A= s_wd.onerror;s_wd.onerror=3Doe;r=3Df(a);s_wd.onerror=3Ds_wd.s_oe;return = r}}}=0A= function s_gtfset(e){return s_tfs}function s_gtfsoe(e){s_wd.onerror=3D=0A= s_wd.s_oe;s_etfs=3D1;var = code=3Ds_gs(s_un);if(code)s_d.write(code);s_etfs=3D=0A= 0;return true}function s_gtfsfb(a){return s_wd}function s_gtfsf(w){var=0A= p=3Dw.parent,l=3Dw.location;s_tfs=3Dw;if(p&&p.location!=3Dl&&p.location.h= ost=3D=3D=0A= l.host){s_tfs=3Dp;return s_gtfsf(s_tfs)}return s_tfs}function s_gtfs(){=0A= if(!s_tfs){s_tfs=3Ds_wd;if(!s_etfs)s_tfs=3Ds_cet(s_gtfsf,s_tfs,s_gtfset,=0A= s_gtfsoe,s_gtfsfb)}return s_tfs}function s_ca(un){un=3Dun.toLowerCase()=0A= var = ci=3Dun.indexOf(','),fun=3Dci<0?un:un.substring(0,ci),imn=3D's_i_'+fun=0A= if(s_d.images&&s_apv>=3D3&&!s_isopera&&(s_ns6<0||s_apv>=3D6.1)){s_ios=3D1=0A= if(!s_d.images[imn]&&(!s_isns||(s_apv<4||s_apv>=3D5))){s_d.write('');if(!s_d.images[=0A= imn])s_ios=3D0}}}function s_it(un){s_ca(un)}function s_mr(un,sess,q,ta){=0A= un=3Dun.toLowerCase();var = ci=3Dun.indexOf(','),fun=3Dci<0?un:un.substring(0,=0A= ci),unc=3Ds_rep(fun,'_','-'),imn=3D's_i_'+fun,ns=3Ds_gg('visitorNamespace= '),=0A= im,b,e,rs=3D'http'+(s_ssl?'s':'')+'://'+(s_ssl?'ssl':'std')+'.o.nytimes.c= om/b/ss/'+un+'/1/G.9p1/'=0A= +sess+'?[AQB]&ndh=3D1'+(q?q:'')+(s_q?s_q:'')+'&[AQE]';if(s_ios){im=3Ds_wd= [=0A= imn]?s_wd[imn]:s_d.images[imn];if(!im)im=3Ds_wd[imn]=3Dnew = Image;im.src=3Drs=0A= if(rs.indexOf('&pe=3D')>=3D0&&(!ta||ta=3D=3D'_self'||ta=3D=3D'_top'||(s_w= d.name&&=0A= ta=3D=3Ds_wd.name))){b=3De=3Dnew = Date;while(e.getTime()-b.getTime()<500)e=3D=0A= new Date}return ''}return ''}function s_gg(v){var = g=3D's_'+v=0A= return s_wd[g]||s_wd.s_disableLegacyVars?s_wd[g]:s_wd[v]}=0A= function s_gv(v){return s_wd['s_vpm_'+v]?s_wd['s_vpv_'+v]:s_gg(v)}var=0A= s_qav=3D'';function s_havf(t,a){var = b=3Dt.substring(0,4),s=3Dt.substring(4),=0A= n=3DparseInt(s),k=3D's_g_'+t,m=3D's_vpm_'+t,q=3Dt,v=3Ds_gg('linkTrackVars= '),e=3D=0A= s_gg('linkTrackEvents');if(!s_wd['s_'+t])s_wd['s_'+t]=3D'';s_wd[k]=3Ds_gv= (=0A= t);if(s_lnk||s_eo){v=3Dv?v+',pageName,pageURL,referrer,charSet,visitorN'=0A= +'amespace,cookieDomainPeriods,cookieLifetime,currencyCode,purchaseID'=0A= :'';if(v&&!s_pt(v,',',s_isf,t))s_wd[k]=3D'';if(t=3D=3D'events'&&e)s_wd[k]= =3D=0A= s_fs(s_wd[k],e)}s_wd[m]=3D0;if(t=3D=3D'pageURL')q=3D'g';else = if(t=3D=3D'referrer')=0A= q=3D'r';else = if(t=3D=3D'charSet'){q=3D'ce';if(s_wd[k]&&s_em=3D=3D2)s_wd[k]=3D'UTF-8'=0A= }else if(t=3D=3D'visitorNamespace')q=3D'ns';else = if(t=3D=3D'cookieDomainPeriods'=0A= )q=3D'cdp';else if(t=3D=3D'cookieLifetime')q=3D'cl';else = if(t=3D=3D'currencyCode')=0A= q=3D'cc';else if(t=3D=3D'channel')q=3D'ch';else = if(t=3D=3D'campaign')q=3D'v0'=0A= else if(s_num(s)){if(b=3D=3D'prop')q=3D'c'+n;else = if(b=3D=3D'eVar')q=3D'v'+n=0A= else = if(b=3D=3D'hier'){q=3D'h'+n;s_wd[k]=3Ds_fl(s_wd[k],255)}}if(s_wd[k]&&t!=3D=0A= 'linkName'&&t!=3D'linkType')s_qav+=3D'&'+q+'=3D'+s_ape(s_wd[k]);return = ''}=0A= function s_hav(){var n,av=3D'charSet,visitorNamespace,cookieDomainPerio'=0A= +'ds,cookieLifetime,pageName,pageURL,referrer,channel,server,pageType'=0A= +',campaign,state,zip,events,products,currencyCode,purchaseID,linkNam'=0A= +'e,linkType';for(n=3D1;n<51;n++)av+=3D',prop'+n+',eVar'+n+',hier'+n=0A= s_qav=3D'';s_pt(av,',',s_havf,0);return s_qav}function s_lnf(t,h){t=3Dt?=0A= t.toLowerCase():'';h=3Dh?h.toLowerCase():'';var = te=3Dt.indexOf('=3D');if(t&&=0A= te>0&&h.indexOf(t.substring(te+1))>=3D0)return t.substring(0,te)=0A= return ''}function s_ln(h){if(s_gg('linkNames'))return s_pt(s_gg(=0A= 'linkNames'),',',s_lnf,h);return ''}function s_ltdf(t,h){t=3Dt?=0A= t.toLowerCase():'';h=3Dh?h.toLowerCase():'';var = qi=3Dh.indexOf('?');h=3Dqi>=3D=0A= 0?h.substring(0,qi):h;if(t&&h.substring(h.length-(t.length+1))=3D=3D'.'+t= )=0A= return 1;return 0}function s_ltef(t,h){t=3Dt?t.toLowerCase():'';h=3Dh?=0A= h.toLowerCase():'';if(t&&h.indexOf(t)>=3D0)return 1;return 0}=0A= function s_lt(h){var lft=3Ds_gg('linkDownloadFileTypes'),lef=3Ds_gg(=0A= 'linkExternalFilters'),lif=3Ds_gg('linkInternalFilters')?s_gg(=0A= 'linkInternalFilters'):s_wd.location.hostname;h=3Dh.toLowerCase();if(=0A= s_gg('trackDownloadLinks')&&lft&&s_pt(lft,',',s_ltdf,h))return 'd';if(=0A= s_gg('trackExternalLinks')&&(lef||lif)&&(!lef||s_pt(lef,',',s_ltef,h)=0A= )&&(!lif||!s_pt(lif,',',s_ltef,h)))return 'e';return ''}function s_lc(=0A= e){s_lnk=3Ds_co(this);s_gs('');s_lnk=3D'';if(this.s_oc)return = this.s_oc(e)=0A= return true}function s_ls(){var l,ln,oc=0A= for(ln=3D0;ln=3D0?','+t.substring(0,e)+',':'';return = u&&u.indexOf(','+un+',')>=3D=0A= 0?s_epa(t.substring(e+1)):''}function s_rq(un){var c=3Dun.indexOf(','),=0A= v=3Ds_c_r('s_sq'),q=3D'';if(c<0)return s_pt(v,'&',s_rqf,un);return s_pt(=0A= un,',',s_rq,0)}var s_sqq,s_squ;function s_sqp(t,a){var = e=3Dt.indexOf('=3D'=0A= ),q=3De<0?'':s_epa(t.substring(e+1));s_sqq[q]=3D'';if(e>=3D0)s_pt(=0A= t.substring(0,e),',',s_sqs,q);return 0}function s_sqs(un,q){s_squ[un]=3D=0A= q;return 0}function s_sq(un,q){s_sqq=3Dnew Object;s_squ=3Dnew Object=0A= s_sqq[q]=3D'';var = k=3D's_sq',v=3Ds_c_r(k),x,c=3D0;s_pt(v,'&',s_sqp,0);s_pt(un,=0A= ',',s_sqs,q);v=3D'';for(x in = s_squ)s_sqq[s_squ[x]]+=3D(s_sqq[s_squ[x]]?','=0A= :'')+x;for(x in s_sqq)if(x&&s_sqq[x]&&(x=3D=3Dq||c<2)){v+=3D(v?'&':'')=0A= +s_sqq[x]+'=3D'+s_ape(x);c++}return s_c_w(k,v,0)}function s_wdl(e){=0A= s_wd.s_wd_l=3D1;var r=3Dtrue;if(s_wd.s_ol)r=3Ds_wd.s_ol(e);if(s_wd.s_ls)=0A= s_wd.s_ls();return r}function s_wds(un){un=3Dun.toLowerCase()=0A= s_wd.s_wd_l=3D1;if(s_apv>3&&(!s_isie||!s_ismac||s_apv>=3D5)){s_wd.s_wd_l=3D= 0=0A= if(!s_wd.s_unl)s_wd.s_unl=3Dnew Array;s_wd.s_unl[s_wd.s_unl.length]=3Dun=0A= if(s_d.body&&s_d.body.attachEvent){if(!s_wd.s_bcr&&=0A= s_d.body.attachEvent('onclick',s_bc))s_wd.s_bcr=3D1}else if(s_d.body&&=0A= s_d.body.addEventListener){if(!s_wd.s_bcr&&s_d.body.addEventListener(=0A= 'click',s_bc,false))s_wd.s_bcr=3D1}else{if(!s_wd.s_olr){s_wd.s_ol=3D=0A= s_wd.onload;s_wd.onload=3Ds_wdl}s_wd.s_olr=3D1}}}function s_iepf(i,a){if(=0A= i.substring(0,1)!=3D'{')i=3D'{'+i+'}';if(s_d.body.isComponentInstalled(i,=0A= 'ComponentID')){var n=3Ds_pl.length;s_pl[n]=3Dnew Object;s_pl[n].name=3Di=0A= +':'+s_d.body.getComponentVersion(i,'ComponentID')}return 0}=0A= function s_vs(un,x){var s=3Ds_gg('visitorSampling'),g=3Ds_gg(=0A= 'visitorSamplingGroup'),k=3D's_vsn_'+un+(g?'_'+g:''),n=3Ds_c_r(k),e=3D=0A= new Date,y=3De.getYear();e.setYear(y+10+(y<1900?1900:0));if(s){s*=3D100=0A= if(!n){if(!s_c_w(k,x,e))return 0;n=3Dx}if(n%10000>s)return 0}return 1}=0A= function s_dyasmf(t,m){if(t&&m&&m.indexOf(t)>=3D0)return 1;return 0}=0A= function s_dyasf(t,m){var = i=3Dt?t.indexOf('=3D'):-1,un,s;if(i>=3D0&&m){var=0A= un=3Dt.substring(0,i),s=3Dt.substring(i+1);if(s_pt(s,',',s_dyasmf,m))=0A= return un}return 0}function s_dyas(un,l,m){if(!m)m=3Ds_wd.location.host=0A= if(!m.toLowerCase)m=3Dm.toString();l=3Dl.toLowerCase();m=3Dm.toLowerCase(= )=0A= var nun=3Ds_pt(l,';',s_dyasf,m);if(nun)return nun;return un}=0A= function s_gs(un){un=3Dun.toLowerCase();var dyas=3Ds_gg(=0A= 'dynamicAccountSelection'),dyal=3Ds_gg('dynamicAccountList'),dyam=3Ds_gg(=0A= 'dynamicAccountMatch');if(dyas&&dyal)un=3Ds_dyas(un,dyal,dyam);s_un=3Dun=0A= var trk=3D1,tm=3Dnew = Date,sed=3DMath&&Math.random?Math.floor(Math.random()=0A= *10000000000000):tm.getTime(),sess=3D's'+Math.floor(tm.getTime()/=0A= 10800000)%10+sed,yr=3Dtm.getYear(),vt=3Dtm.getDate()+'/'+tm.getMonth()+'/= '=0A= +(yr<1900?yr+1900:yr)+' '+tm.getHours()+':'+tm.getMinutes()+':'=0A= +tm.getSeconds()+' '+tm.getDay()+' '+tm.getTimezoneOffset(),tfs=3D=0A= s_gtfs(),vt,ta=3D'',q=3D'',qs=3D'';if(!s_q){var = tl=3Dtfs.location,s=3D'',c=3D'',v=3D=0A= '',p=3D'',bw=3D'',bh=3D'',j=3D'1.0',k=3Ds_c_w('s_cc','true',0)?'Y':'N',hp= =3D'',ct=3D=0A= '',iepl=3Ds_gg('iePlugins'),pn=3D0,ps;if(s_apv>=3D4)s=3Dscreen.width+'x'=0A= +screen.height;if(s_isns||s_isopera){if(s_apv>=3D3){j=3D'1.1';v=3D=0A= s_n.javaEnabled()?'Y':'N';if(s_apv>=3D4){j=3D'1.2';c=3Dscreen.pixelDepth;= bw=3D=0A= s_wd.innerWidth;bh=3Ds_wd.innerHeight;if(s_apv>=3D4.06)j=3D'1.3'}}s_pl=3D=0A= s_n.plugins}else if(s_isie){if(s_apv>=3D4){v=3Ds_n.javaEnabled()?'Y':'N'=0A= j=3D'1.2';c=3Dscreen.colorDepth;if(s_apv>=3D5){bw=3D=0A= s_d.documentElement.offsetWidth;bh=3Ds_d.documentElement.offsetHeight;j=3D=0A= '1.3';if(!s_ismac&&s_d.body){s_d.body.addBehavior("#default#homePage")=0A= hp=3Ds_d.body.isHomePage(tl)?"Y":"N";s_d.body.addBehavior(=0A= "#default#clientCaps");ct=3Ds_d.body.connectionType;if(iepl){s_pl=3D=0A= new Array;s_pt(iepl,',',s_iepf,'')}}}}else r=3D'';if(!s_pl&&iepl)s_pl=3D=0A= s_n.plugins}if(s_pl)while(pn=3D0)return ''}ta=3D=0A= o.target;h=3Do.href?o.href:'';i=3Dh.indexOf('?');h=3Ds_gg(=0A= 'linkLeaveQueryString')||i<0?h:h.substring(0,i);l=3Ds_gg('linkName')?=0A= s_gg('linkName'):s_ln(h);t=3Ds_gg('linkType')?s_gg('linkType'=0A= ).toLowerCase():s_lt(h);if(t&&(h||l))q+=3D'&pe=3Dlnk_'+(t=3D=3D'd'||t=3D=3D= 'e'?=0A= s_ape(t):'o')+(h?'&pev1=3D'+s_ape(h):'')+(l?'&pev2=3D'+s_ape(l):'');else=0A= trk=3D0;if(s_gg('trackInlineStats')){if(!p){p=3Ds_gv('pageURL');w=3D0}t=3D=0A= s_ot(o);i=3Do.sourceIndex;if(s_gg('objectID')){n=3Ds_gg('objectID');x=3D1= ;i=3D=0A= 1}if(p&&n&&t)qs=3D'&pid=3D'+s_ape(s_fl(p,255))+(w?'&pidt=3D'+w:'')+'&oid=3D= '=0A= +s_ape(s_fl(n,100))+(x?'&oidt=3D'+x:'')+'&ot=3D'+s_ape(t)+(i?'&oi=3D'+i:'= ')}=0A= }if(!trk&&!qs)return '';if(trk)q=3D(vt?'&t=3D'+s_ape(vt):'')+s_hav()+q=0A= s_wd.s_linkName=3Ds_wd.s_linkType=3Ds_wd.s_objectID=3Ds_lnk=3Ds_eo=3D'';i= f(=0A= !s_wd.s_disableLegacyVars)s_wd.linkName=3Ds_wd.linkType=3Ds_wd.objectID=3D= ''=0A= var code=3D'';if(un){if(trk&&s_vs(un,sed))code+=3Ds_mr(un,sess,q+(qs?qs:=0A= s_rq(un)),ta);s_sq(un,trk?'':qs)}else if(s_wd.s_unl)=0A= for(var = unn=3D0;unn-1){=0A= s_pre=3Ds_ta.substring(0,s_gi);=0A= x=3Ds_ta.indexOf(',',s_gi+1);=0A= s_pst=3Dx=3D=3Ds_ta.length-1?'':s_ta.substring(x);=0A= s_ta=3Ds_pre+s_pst;=0A= s_ta=3Ds_ta.charAt(0)=3D=3D','?s_ta.substring(1):s_ta;=0A= = s_account=3Ds_ta.charAt(s_ta.length-1)=3D=3D','?s_ta.substring(0,s_ta.len= gth-1):s_ta;=0A= }=0A= s_visitorSampling=3D0=0A= }=0A= =0A= ------=_NextPart_000_0019_01C805FB.05B7F050 Content-Type: application/octet-stream Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Content-Location: http://graphics8.nytimes.com/js/app/analytics/trackingTags_v1.0.js var gtrackevents=3Dfalse;=0A= var gdcsid=3D"dcsa5pgfq10000c9zuysqk0lm_6i8y";=0A= var gfpcdom=3D".nytimes.com";=0A= var gdomain=3D"wt.o.nytimes.com";=0A= var js_host;=0A= if (js_host =3D=3D undefined) {=0A= if (window.location.protocol.indexOf('https:')=3D=3D-1) {=0A= js_host =3D "http://graphics8.nytimes.com/js/app/analytics/";=0A= } else {=0A= js_host =3D "https://select.nytimes.com/js/app/analytics/";=0A= }=0A= }=0A= =0A= var jsInc =3D document.createElement('script');=0A= jsInc.setAttribute('language', 'javascript');=0A= jsInc.setAttribute('type', 'text/javascript');=0A= jsInc.setAttribute('src', js_host+'controller.js');=0A= document.getElementsByTagName('head').item(0).appendChild(jsInc);=0A= ------=_NextPart_000_0019_01C805FB.05B7F050--