From: Subject: SciDev.Net Date: Fri, 5 Oct 2007 07:24:07 -0600 MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: multipart/related; type="text/html"; boundary="----=_NextPart_000_001F_01C80720.B6FB0070" X-MimeOLE: Produced By Microsoft MimeOLE V6.00.2900.3138 This is a multi-part message in MIME format. ------=_NextPart_000_001F_01C80720.B6FB0070 Content-Type: text/html; charset="utf-8" Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Content-Location: http://www.scidev.net/dossiers/index.cfm?fuseaction=printarticle&dossier=7&policy=40 =EF=BB=BF SciDev.Net
 
5 October 2007
 
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Bioprospecting:=20 legitimate research or 'biopiracy'?
Graham=20 Dutfield
October 2001 (revised December 2002) =
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Summary
 
A growing number of = critics=20 of 'bioprospecting' complain that companies = often fail=20 to adequately compensate holders of traditional=20 knowledge, and that patents on products = developed in=20 this way are actually a form of intellectual=20 piracy. The author is based at = the Queen=20 Mary Intellectual Property Research Institute,=20 University of London.=20
 
What is = bioprospecting?
 

'Bioprospecting' is a word that has recently been = coined to=20 describe the centuries-old practice of collecting and=20 screening plant and other biological material for = commercial=20 purposes, such as the development of new drugs, seeds = and=20 cosmetics.=20

Companies that sponsor bioprospecting expeditions, = in=20 particular from the pharmaceutical or food industries, = hope to=20 find information from the biological resources they = collect=20 that will lead to new products, for example novel = drugs. Some=20 of these expeditions also seek to acquire useful = information=20 about such resources from local people including, in = the case=20 of drugs, native healers.=20

It can also be argued that bioprospecting also = plays a=20 wider role in encouraging the preservation of = biodiversity.=20 Many conservationists, for example, believe that by=20 highlighting and =E2=80=94 hopefully =E2=80=94 = confirming the economic=20 potential of a wide range of biological resources,=20 bioprospecting expeditions can create incentives to = protect=20 tropical forests, coral reefs and other biologically = diverse=20 and threatened ecosystems.=20

At the same time, however, a growing number of = critics=20 complain that bioprospectors often fail adequately to=20 compensate the countries and communities that provide = access=20 to their resources and associated traditional = knowledge (TK).=20 Such critics argue that patents on products developed = as a=20 result of the efforts of 'bioprospectors' are = sometimes based=20 so closely on TK that they are in fact a form of = intellectual=20 piracy.

 
What = counts as=20 biopiracy?
 

The word 'biopiracy' was coined by the North = American=20 advocacy group, Action Group on Erosion, Technology = and=20 Concentration (ETC Group) =E2=80=94 formerly known as = Rural=20 Advancement Foundation International =E2=80=94 to = refer to the=20 uncompensated commercial use of biological resources = or=20 associated TK from developing countries, as well as = the=20 patenting by corporations of claimed inventions based = on such=20 resources or knowledge.=20

ETC Group and others allege that such patents are = wrongly=20 awarded. This could be due to a number of factors: the = examiners may not have enough time and resources to = conduct=20 'prior art' searches; the required standards of = inventiveness=20 being applied to patent applications may be too low; = or the=20 companies or scientific institutions applying for the = patents=20 may deliberately fail to cite the prior art upon which = their=20 inventions were based.=20

Groups such as ETC claim to have uncovered many = cases=20 either of patents being acquired for 'inventions' that = are=20 closely based on TK (such as the pesticidal uses of = seeds from=20 the neem tree), or of Plant Breeders' Rights (PBR)=20 certificates =E2=80=94 a kind of IPR system for plant = varieties =E2=80=94=20 being awarded for plant varieties that are virtually = identical=20 to 'folk varieties' of the same plants. ETC Group = claims to=20 have identified over 100 cases of PBR protection being = sought=20 for varieties acquired from international genebanks, = many of=20 which they allege are folk varieties that have been = subjected=20 to little, if any, additional breeding. [1]=20

The bioprospecting/'biopiracy' debate has pitted=20 corporations against a number of developing country=20 governments and indigenous peoples, who claim that = they are=20 being exploited by such practices. It has also led to = tensions=20 between academic researchers, who have long studied = biological=20 resources for primarily scientific reasons =E2=80=94 = and maintain that=20 ethically sound and non-exploitative bioprospecting is = possible =E2=80=94 and environmental NGOs. = [2] Indeed, some of=20 the latter take an extreme view, dismissing all = bioprospecting=20 as biopiracy by another name. =

 
Patenting=20 traditional knowledge
 

In principle, application of intellectual property = rights=20 to biological resources should not be exploitative, as = anyone=20 has the right to apply for =E2=80=94 and enjoy the = fruits of =E2=80=94 an=20 invention based on a biological discovery. In = practice,=20 however, patent rules tend to favour corporations = rather than=20 indigenous communities. A native healer, for example, = may have=20 developed a therapeutic plant extract or herbal = formulation.=20 But acquiring a patent for it would be extremely = difficult,=20 first because applications usually require inventions = to be=20 described in technical language, and secondly because = the cost=20 of applying for a patent is likely to be prohibitive.=20

At the same time, while most TK cannot be patented = due to=20 lack of novelty, some researchers argue that they have = added=20 an 'inventive step' that makes their version of a = product=20 patentable. Such arguments are frequently accepted as=20 legitimate by patent offices. For example, the = pharmaceutical=20 giant Pfizer has obtained a licence to manufacture the = anti-obesity drug P57 =E2=80=94 the active ingredient = of the=20 Hoodia cactus =E2=80=94 originally patented by = the South=20 African Council for Scientific and Industrial Research = (CSIR).=20 In March 2002 =E2=80=94 after threatened legal action = =E2=80=94 the CSIR=20 reached a preliminary agreement to share any benefits = arising=20 from the commercialisation of P57 with San bushmen, = who claim=20 they have been using the cactus to stave off hunger = for=20 thousands of years. [3]=20

Challenges to patents on TK have been successful in = the=20 past. For example, in May 2000, the European Patent = Office=20 revoked a patent covering the fungicidal properties of = neem=20 tree seeds due to the absence of an inventive step. = And a US=20 patent awarded in 1995 to the University of = Mississippi for=20 the use of turmeric powder in wound healing =E2=80=94 = a property=20 well-known in India =E2=80=94 was revoked following a = legal challenge=20 by the Indian government.=20

Ironically, the challenge to the turmeric patent = would not=20 have succeeded if it had relied on the argument that = the=20 'invention' was common knowledge in India, since US = patent=20 rules do not recognise foreign undocumented knowledge = as=20 'prior art' if it is not also known in the United = States. It=20 was only when the Indian government provided written = proof=20 (including an ancient Sanskrit text) that the patent = was=20 revoked due to lack of novelty. [4]=20

Rules on the eligibility of 'novel' biological = material for=20 patent protection are quite demanding. Usually it is = not=20 sufficient simply to describe how a plant compound = exerts a=20 therapeutic effect, or even what this compound is. = Meeting=20 requirements of 'novelty' and 'inventive step' = =E2=80=94 or=20 'non-obviousness' in the United States =E2=80=94 means = that the=20 applicant usually needs to produce at least a = synthetic=20 version of the compound or a purified extract. On = these=20 grounds, many scientists deny most =E2=80=94 if not = all =E2=80=94 allegations=20 of biopiracy, arguing that the patent is intended to = reward=20 the extra work necessary to produce a patentable = invention=20 from a biological resource, not the initial discovery = of the=20 resource itself.=20

Critics, however, challenge this argument by = claiming that=20 the most creative achievement was frequently the = initial=20 discovery of the useful characteristic of the resource = by=20 indigenous community members, as well as their = development of=20 techniques and procedures to apply it. The subsequent=20 isolation and elucidation of the active compound by = laboratory=20 scientists, they argue, can be relatively routine = tasks. In=20 addition, they point out that some national patent = offices do=20 not conduct thorough examinations of patent = applications.=20 Consequently, patents that do not describe genuine = inventions=20 are sometimes granted mistakenly. =

 
Legislating to=20 protect indigenous communities
 

In recent years, these issues have been debated in = several=20 international forums under the auspices, for example, = of the=20 Convention on Biological Diversity, the World Trade=20 Organisation, the World Intellectual Property = Organisation=20 (WIPO), and the UN Food and Agriculture Organisation.=20

A number of policy measures are being considered to = ensure=20 that bioprospecting is regulated in ways that benefit = all the=20 stakeholders. Proposed measures include the = introduction of=20 'access and benefit sharing' legislation that require=20 bioprospectors to negotiate access to genetic = resources with=20 governments and indigenous peoples, and to share any = financial=20 benefits from these activities with such communities. = The=20 Philippines, for example, already has such = legislation. [5]=20

In addition, several countries, such as India, have = proposed that patent applications for inventions = resulting=20 from bioprospecting expeditions should indicate the = source of=20 biological material on which the invention was based, = and also=20 include documentary evidence that the provider country = had=20 given its prior informed consent to the collection. = [6] In=20 fact, Costa Rica and member states of the Andean = Community=20 (Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and Venezuela) = already=20 include both requirements in their legislation.=20

Another approach has been for individual countries = to=20 develop legislation specifically designed to protect=20 indigenous knowledge, which is currently largely = excluded from=20 patenting on the grounds of lacking novelty. This = might be=20 done, for example, by documenting TK that is not = publicly=20 available and providing access in exchange for = monetary and=20 other benefits. Peru has recently passed legislation = based=20 upon such an approach. [7]=20

It remains uncertain where international debates on = this=20 issue are heading. But international organisations=20 increasingly consider it necessary to provide forums = to=20 discuss appropriate solutions. WIPO, for example, = established=20 an Intergovernmental Committee on Intellectual = Property and=20 Genetic Resources, Traditional Knowledge and Folklore = in 2000.=20 And the state parties to the CBD have set up a new = body, the=20 Working Group on Access and Benefit Sharing, which = first met=20 in Bonn in October 2001.=20

All parties are hoping that such meetings will be = able to=20 develop ways of reconciling the often conflicting = scientific,=20 commercial and social implications of bioprospecting. = Equally,=20 all agree that achieving this goal will not be easy.=20

 
References
 
[1] Doing Well by Doing Little = or=20 Nothing? A Partial List of Varieties under RAFI = Investigation.=20 Rural Advancement Foundation International, = 1998. 
[2]=20 Political uncertainty halts bioprospecting in Mexico.=20 Nature 408, 278 (2000). 
[3] Bushmen=20 to share gains from 'slimming cactus'. SciDev.Net, = 27=20 March 2002. 
[4] Siddhartha Prakash (1998) India. Part 2: Agriculture (Trade and=20 Development Case Studies). WTO / World Bank Trade = and=20 Development Centre. 
[5] Graham Dutfield = (2000)=20 Intellectual Property Rights, Trade and Biodiversity: = Seeds=20 and Plant Varieties. Earthscan Books, = London. 
[6] WTO=20 Committee on Trade and Environment / Council for TRIPS = (2000)=20 Protection of Biodiversity and Traditional Knowledge: = The=20 Indian Experience. Submission by India. 
[7] = National=20 Institute for the Defence of Competition and the = Protection of=20 Intellectual Property (2000) Proposed Regime of Protection of the = Collective=20 Knowledge of Indigenous Peoples (in Spanish only). =
 
Other=20 resources
 

See also:

SK Verma (2001) Access to Plant Genetic Resources and=20 Intellectual Property Rights: The Case of India. = CASRIP=20 newsletter, University of Washington  =20

Useful websites:=20

Intergovernmental Committee on = Intellectual=20 Property and Genetic Resources, Traditional Knowledge = and=20 Folklore
Convention on Biodiversity: Access to = Genetic=20 Resources and Benefit-Sharing
World = Trade=20 Organisation
Food and Agriculture Organisation =
ETC = Group=20

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#99cccc } .DosBox { BORDER-RIGHT: #aac7c7 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #aac7c7 1px solid; = BORDER-LEFT: #aac7c7 1px solid; BORDER-BOTTOM: #aac7c7 1px solid; = BACKGROUND-COLOR: #d9ecec } .GenBox { BORDER-RIGHT: gray 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: gray 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: = gray 1px solid; BORDER-BOTTOM: gray 1px solid; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #e5e5e5 } .RgsBox { BORDER-RIGHT: #ff9c39 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #ff9c39 1px solid; = BORDER-LEFT: #ff9c39 1px solid; BORDER-BOTTOM: #ff9c39 1px solid; = BACKGROUND-COLOR: #ffead4 } .RgsBox { BORDER-RIGHT: #ff9c39 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #ff9c39 1px solid; = BORDER-LEFT: #ff9c39 1px solid; BORDER-BOTTOM: #ff9c39 1px solid; = BACKGROUND-COLOR: #ffead4 } .EditorialsBox { BORDER-RIGHT: #008040 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #008040 1px solid; = BORDER-LEFT: #008040 1px solid; BORDER-BOTTOM: #008040 1px solid; = BACKGROUND-COLOR: #c3ecca } .NewsBox { BORDER-RIGHT: #339966 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #339966 1px solid; = BORDER-LEFT: #339966 1px solid; BORDER-BOTTOM: #339966 1px solid; = BACKGROUND-COLOR: #b7c6ce } .FeaturesBox { BORDER-RIGHT: #669966 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #669966 1px solid; = BORDER-LEFT: #669966 1px solid; BORDER-BOTTOM: #669966 1px solid; = BACKGROUND-COLOR: #e2ece2 } OpinionsBox { BORDER-RIGHT: #92b692 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #92b692 1px solid; = BORDER-LEFT: #92b692 1px solid; BORDER-BOTTOM: #92b692 1px solid; = BACKGROUND-COLOR: #eff4ef } A.Dossier:link { FONT-WEIGHT: bold; COLOR: #161616; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana, Arial, = Helvetica, sans-serif; TEXT-DECORATION: none } A.Dossier:visited { FONT-WEIGHT: bold; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana, Arial, = Helvetica, sans-serif; TEXT-DECORATION: none } A.Dossier:hover { FONT-WEIGHT: bold; COLOR: #5a9fa0; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana, Arial, = Helvetica, sans-serif; TEXT-DECORATION: underline } A.DosBut:link { FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-SIZE: 65%; COLOR: #666666; TEXT-DECORATION: = none } A.DosBut:visited { FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-SIZE: 65%; COLOR: #666666; FONT-FAMILY: = Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; TEXT-DECORATION: none } A.DosBut:hover { FONT-WEIGHT: bold; COLOR: #ffffff; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana, Arial, = Helvetica, sans-serif; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #99cccc } .DosBk { BACKGROUND-IMAGE: url(siteimages/back_dossiers.gif); BACKGROUND-COLOR: = #99cccc } .DosBC { FONT-SIZE: 57%; BACKGROUND-IMAGE: url(siteimages/back_dossiers_bc.gif); = BACKGROUND-COLOR: #e5e5e5 } .footer { COLOR: #999999 } A.footer:link { FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 57%; COLOR: #999999; LETTER-SPACING: = -1px; TEXT-DECORATION: none } A.footer:visited { FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 57%; COLOR: #999999; LETTER-SPACING: = -1px; TEXT-DECORATION: none } A.footer:hover { FONT-WEIGHT: normal; COLOR: #1b1b1b; LETTER-SPACING: -1px; = TEXT-DECORATION: underline } .article { COLOR: #666666 } .subnav { FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 65%; COLOR: #666666 } A.article:link { FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 65%; COLOR: #666666; TEXT-DECORATION: = none } A.article:visited { FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 65%; COLOR: #999999; TEXT-DECORATION: = none } A.article:hover { FONT-SIZE: 65%; COLOR: #cc0000; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #e2e2e2; = TEXT-DECORATION: none } A.article1:link { FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 65%; COLOR: #666666; TEXT-DECORATION: = none } A.article1:visited { FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 65%; COLOR: #666666; TEXT-DECORATION: = none } A.article1:hover { FONT-SIZE: 65%; COLOR: #cc0000; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #e2e2e2; = TEXT-DECORATION: none } A.readcomments:link { FONT-SIZE: 65%; COLOR: #cc0000; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #e2e2e2; = TEXT-DECORATION: none } A.readcomments:hover { FONT-SIZE: 65%; COLOR: #cc0000; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #e2e2e2; = TEXT-DECORATION: none } A.readcomments:visited { FONT-SIZE: 65%; COLOR: #cc0000; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #e2e2e2; = TEXT-DECORATION: none } A.Notices:link { FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-SIZE: 80%; COLOR: #141414; LINE-HEIGHT: 110%; = FONT-FAMILY: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; TEXT-DECORATION: = none } A.Notices:visited { FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-SIZE: 80%; COLOR: #141414; LINE-HEIGHT: 110%; = FONT-FAMILY: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; TEXT-DECORATION: = none } A.Notices:hover { FONT-WEIGHT: bold; COLOR: #cc0000; LINE-HEIGHT: 110%; FONT-FAMILY: = Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; TEXT-DECORATION: underline } .cathead { FONT-SIZE: 12px; LINE-HEIGHT: 200% } .cattitle { FONT-SIZE: 15px; LINE-HEIGHT: 140% } .catlink { FONT-SIZE: 9px } #signup-update-details:link { COLOR: #f00 } #signup-update-details:visited { COLOR: #f00 } .section-box { BORDER-RIGHT: 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: 1px solid; MARGIN-TOP: 2px; = BORDER-LEFT: 1px solid; BORDER-BOTTOM: 1px solid } ------=_NextPart_000_001F_01C80720.B6FB0070 Content-Type: application/octet-stream Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Content-Location: http://www.scidev.net/date_picker.js var weekend =3D [0,6]; var weekendColor =3D "#e0e0e0"; var fontface =3D "Verdana"; var fontsize =3D 2; var gNow =3D new Date(); var ggWinCal; isNav =3D (navigator.appName.indexOf("Netscape") !=3D -1) ? true : = false; isIE =3D (navigator.appName.indexOf("Microsoft") !=3D -1) ? true : = false; Calendar.Months =3D ["January", "February", "March", "April", "May", = "June", "July", "August", "September", "October", "November", "December"]; // Non-Leap year Month days.. Calendar.DOMonth =3D [31, 28, 31, 30, 31, 30, 31, 31, 30, 31, 30, 31]; // Leap year Month days.. Calendar.lDOMonth =3D [31, 29, 31, 30, 31, 30, 31, 31, 30, 31, 30, 31]; function Calendar(p_item, p_WinCal, p_month, p_year, p_format) { if ((p_month =3D=3D null) && (p_year =3D=3D null)) return; if (p_WinCal =3D=3D null) this.gWinCal =3D ggWinCal; else this.gWinCal =3D p_WinCal; =09 if (p_month =3D=3D null) { this.gMonthName =3D null; this.gMonth =3D null; this.gYearly =3D true; } else { this.gMonthName =3D Calendar.get_month(p_month); this.gMonth =3D new Number(p_month); this.gYearly =3D false; } this.gYear =3D p_year; this.gFormat =3D p_format; this.gBGColor =3D "white"; this.gFGColor =3D "black"; this.gTextColor =3D "black"; this.gHeaderColor =3D "black"; this.gReturnItem =3D p_item; } Calendar.get_month =3D Calendar_get_month; Calendar.get_daysofmonth =3D Calendar_get_daysofmonth; Calendar.calc_month_year =3D Calendar_calc_month_year; Calendar.print =3D Calendar_print; function Calendar_get_month(monthNo) { return Calendar.Months[monthNo]; } function Calendar_get_daysofmonth(monthNo, p_year) { /*=20 Check for leap year .. 1.Years evenly divisible by four are normally leap years, except for... = 2.Years also evenly divisible by 100 are not leap years, except for...=20 3.Years also evenly divisible by 400 are leap years.=20 */ if ((p_year % 4) =3D=3D 0) { if ((p_year % 100) =3D=3D 0 && (p_year % 400) !=3D 0) return Calendar.DOMonth[monthNo]; =09 return Calendar.lDOMonth[monthNo]; } else return Calendar.DOMonth[monthNo]; } function Calendar_calc_month_year(p_Month, p_Year, incr) { /*=20 Will return an 1-D array with 1st element being the calculated month=20 and second being the calculated year=20 after applying the month increment/decrement as specified by 'incr' = parameter. 'incr' will normally have 1/-1 to navigate thru the months. */ var ret_arr =3D new Array(); =09 if (incr =3D=3D -1) { // B A C K W A R D if (p_Month =3D=3D 0) { ret_arr[0] =3D 11; ret_arr[1] =3D parseInt(p_Year) - 1; } else { ret_arr[0] =3D parseInt(p_Month) - 1; ret_arr[1] =3D parseInt(p_Year); } } else if (incr =3D=3D 1) { // F O R W A R D if (p_Month =3D=3D 11) { ret_arr[0] =3D 0; ret_arr[1] =3D parseInt(p_Year) + 1; } else { ret_arr[0] =3D parseInt(p_Month) + 1; ret_arr[1] =3D parseInt(p_Year); } } =09 return ret_arr; } function Calendar_print() { ggWinCal.print(); } function Calendar_calc_month_year(p_Month, p_Year, incr) { /*=20 Will return an 1-D array with 1st element being the calculated month=20 and second being the calculated year=20 after applying the month increment/decrement as specified by 'incr' = parameter. 'incr' will normally have 1/-1 to navigate thru the months. */ var ret_arr =3D new Array(); =09 if (incr =3D=3D -1) { // B A C K W A R D if (p_Month =3D=3D 0) { ret_arr[0] =3D 11; ret_arr[1] =3D parseInt(p_Year) - 1; } else { ret_arr[0] =3D parseInt(p_Month) - 1; ret_arr[1] =3D parseInt(p_Year); } } else if (incr =3D=3D 1) { // F O R W A R D if (p_Month =3D=3D 11) { ret_arr[0] =3D 0; ret_arr[1] =3D parseInt(p_Year) + 1; } else { ret_arr[0] =3D parseInt(p_Month) + 1; ret_arr[1] =3D parseInt(p_Year); } } =09 return ret_arr; } // This is for compatibility with Navigator 3, we have to create and = discard one object before the prototype object exists. new Calendar(); Calendar.prototype.getMonthlyCalendarCode =3D function() { var vCode =3D ""; var vHeader_Code =3D ""; var vData_Code =3D ""; =09 // Begin Table Drawing code here.. vCode =3D vCode + ""; =09 vHeader_Code =3D this.cal_header(); vData_Code =3D this.cal_data(); vCode =3D vCode + vHeader_Code + vData_Code; =09 vCode =3D vCode + "
"; =09 return vCode; } Calendar.prototype.show =3D function() { var vCode =3D ""; =09 this.gWinCal.document.open(); // Setup the page... this.wwrite(""); this.wwrite("Calendar"); this.wwrite(""); this.wwrite(""); this.wwriteA(""); this.wwriteA(this.gMonthName + " " + this.gYear); this.wwriteA("
"); // Show navigation buttons var prevMMYYYY =3D Calendar.calc_month_year(this.gMonth, this.gYear, = -1); var prevMM =3D prevMMYYYY[0]; var prevYYYY =3D prevMMYYYY[1]; var nextMMYYYY =3D Calendar.calc_month_year(this.gMonth, this.gYear, = 1); var nextMM =3D nextMMYYYY[0]; var nextYYYY =3D nextMMYYYY[1]; =09 this.wwrite("
"); this.wwrite("[< Year<\/A>]"); this.wwrite("[< Month<\/A>]"); this.wwrite("[Print]"); this.wwrite("[Month ><\/A>]"); this.wwrite("[Year ><\/A>]

"); // Get the complete calendar code for the month.. vCode =3D this.getMonthlyCalendarCode(); this.wwrite(vCode); this.wwrite(""); this.gWinCal.document.close(); } Calendar.prototype.showY =3D function() { var vCode =3D ""; var i; var vr, vc, vx, vy; // Row, Column, X-coord, Y-coord var vxf =3D 285; // X-Factor var vyf =3D 200; // Y-Factor var vxm =3D 10; // X-margin var vym; // Y-margin if (isIE) vym =3D 75; else if (isNav) vym =3D 25; =09 this.gWinCal.document.open(); this.wwrite(""); this.wwrite("Calendar"); this.wwrite(""); this.wwrite(""); this.wwrite(""); this.wwrite(""); this.wwrite("Year : " + this.gYear); this.wwrite("
"); // Show navigation buttons var prevYYYY =3D parseInt(this.gYear) - 1; var nextYYYY =3D parseInt(this.gYear) + 1; =09 this.wwrite("
"); this.wwrite("[<<<\/A>]"); this.wwrite("[Print]"); this.wwrite("[>><\/A>]

"); // Get the complete calendar code for each month.. var j; for (i=3D11; i>=3D0; i--) { if (isIE) this.wwrite("
"); else if (isNav) this.wwrite(""); this.gMonth =3D i; this.gMonthName =3D Calendar.get_month(this.gMonth); vCode =3D this.getMonthlyCalendarCode(); this.wwrite(this.gMonthName + "/" + this.gYear + "
"); this.wwrite(vCode); if (isIE) this.wwrite("
"); else if (isNav) this.wwrite(""); } this.wwrite("
"); this.gWinCal.document.close(); } Calendar.prototype.wwrite =3D function(wtext) { this.gWinCal.document.writeln(wtext); } Calendar.prototype.wwriteA =3D function(wtext) { this.gWinCal.document.write(wtext); } Calendar.prototype.cal_header =3D function() { var vCode =3D ""; =09 vCode =3D vCode + ""; vCode =3D vCode + ""; =09 return vCode; } Calendar.prototype.cal_data =3D function() { var vDate =3D new Date(); vDate.setDate(1); vDate.setMonth(this.gMonth); vDate.setFullYear(this.gYear); var vFirstDay=3DvDate.getDay(); var vDay=3D1; var vLastDay=3DCalendar.get_daysofmonth(this.gMonth, this.gYear); var vOnLastDay=3D0; var vCode =3D ""; /* Get day for the 1st of the requested month/year.. Place as many blank cells before the 1st day of the month as necessary. = */ vCode =3D vCode + ""; for (i=3D0; i "; } // Write rest of the 1st week for (j=3DvFirstDay; j<7; j++) { vCode =3D vCode + "" +=20 "" +=20 this.format_day(vDay) +=20 "" +=20 ""; vDay=3DvDay + 1; } vCode =3D vCode + ""; // Write the rest of the weeks for (k=3D2; k<7; k++) { vCode =3D vCode + ""; for (j=3D0; j<7; j++) { vCode =3D vCode + "" +=20 "" +=20 this.format_day(vDay) +=20 "" +=20 ""; vDay=3DvDay + 1; if (vDay > vLastDay) { vOnLastDay =3D 1; break; } } if (j =3D=3D 6) vCode =3D vCode + ""; if (vOnLastDay =3D=3D 1) break; } =09 // Fill up the rest of last week with proper blanks, so that we get = proper square blocks for (m=3D1; m<(7-j); m++) { if (this.gYearly) vCode =3D vCode + " = "; else vCode =3D vCode + "" + m + = ""; } =09 return vCode; } Calendar.prototype.format_day =3D function(vday) { var vNowDay =3D gNow.getDate(); var vNowMonth =3D gNow.getMonth(); var vNowYear =3D gNow.getFullYear(); if (vday =3D=3D vNowDay && this.gMonth =3D=3D vNowMonth && this.gYear = =3D=3D vNowYear) return ("" + vday + ""); else return (vday); } Calendar.prototype.write_weekend_string =3D function(vday) { var i; // Return special formatting for the weekend day. for (i=3D0; i=3D0) {=0A= if (!(_uIN(a=3D_uGC(s,"__utma=3D","&")))) a=3D"-";=0A= if (!(_uIN(b=3D_uGC(s,"__utmb=3D","&")))) b=3D"-";=0A= if (!(_uIN(c=3D_uGC(s,"__utmc=3D","&")))) c=3D"-";=0A= v=3D_uGC(s,"__utmv=3D","&");=0A= z=3D_uGC(s,"__utmz=3D","&");=0A= k=3D_uGC(s,"__utmk=3D","&");=0A= xx=3D_uGC(s,"__utmx=3D","&");=0A= if ((k*1) !=3D ((_uHash(a+b+c+xx+z+v)*1)+(_udh*1))) = {_ubl=3D1;a=3D"-";b=3D"-";c=3D"-";xx=3D"-";z=3D"-";v=3D"-";}=0A= if (a!=3D"-" && b!=3D"-" && c!=3D"-") f=3D1;=0A= else if(a!=3D"-") f=3D2;=0A= }=0A= }=0A= if(f=3D=3D1) {=0A= _ubd.cookie=3D"__utma=3D"+a+"; path=3D"+_utcp+";"+nx+_udo;=0A= _ubd.cookie=3D"__utmb=3D"+b+"; path=3D"+_utcp+";"+x+_udo;=0A= _ubd.cookie=3D"__utmc=3D"+c+"; path=3D"+_utcp+";"+_udo;=0A= } else if (f=3D=3D2) {=0A= a=3D_uFixA(s,"&",_ust);=0A= _ubd.cookie=3D"__utma=3D"+a+"; path=3D"+_utcp+";"+nx+_udo;=0A= _ubd.cookie=3D"__utmb=3D"+_udh+"; path=3D"+_utcp+";"+x+_udo;=0A= _ubd.cookie=3D"__utmc=3D"+_udh+"; path=3D"+_utcp+";"+_udo;=0A= _ufns=3D1;=0A= } else if (a>=3D0 && b>=3D0 && c>=3D0) {=0A= _ubd.cookie=3D"__utmb=3D"+_udh+"; path=3D"+_utcp+";"+x+_udo;=0A= } else {=0A= if (a>=3D0) a=3D_uFixA(_ubd.cookie,";",_ust);=0A= else a=3D_udh+"."+_uu+"."+_ust+"."+_ust+"."+_ust+".1";=0A= _ubd.cookie=3D"__utma=3D"+a+"; path=3D"+_utcp+";"+nx+_udo;=0A= _ubd.cookie=3D"__utmb=3D"+_udh+"; path=3D"+_utcp+";"+x+_udo;=0A= _ubd.cookie=3D"__utmc=3D"+_udh+"; path=3D"+_utcp+";"+_udo;=0A= _ufns=3D1;=0A= }=0A= if (_ulink && xx && xx!=3D"" && xx!=3D"-") {=0A= xx=3D_uUES(xx);=0A= if (xx.indexOf(";")=3D=3D-1) _ubd.cookie=3D"__utmx=3D"+xx+"; = path=3D"+_utcp+";"+nx+_udo;=0A= }=0A= if (_ulink && v && v!=3D"" && v!=3D"-") {=0A= v=3D_uUES(v);=0A= if (v.indexOf(";")=3D=3D-1) _ubd.cookie=3D"__utmv=3D"+v+"; = path=3D"+_utcp+";"+nx+_udo;=0A= }=0A= _uInfo(page);=0A= _ufns=3D0;=0A= _ufno=3D0;=0A= if (!page || page=3D=3D"") _uff=3D1;=0A= }=0A= function _uInfo(page) {=0A= var p,s=3D"",dm=3D"",pg=3D_udl.pathname+_udl.search;=0A= if (page && page!=3D"") pg=3D_uES(page,1);=0A= _ur=3D_ubd.referrer;=0A= if (!_ur || _ur=3D=3D"") { _ur=3D"-"; 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