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Biology 11 Biology 12 For Fellow Teachers Labs Class Acronyms About Don Lockwood

Specific Help on Virus Lab #1

For: INTRODUCTION AND DISCUSSION

1. Be sure to follow the general lab write-up format.

INTRODUCTION
Write it mostly in present tense in paragraph form.

Pro - Problem: Why we did the lab and WHY Electron Micrographs were used? *
Ba - Background and Terms
Me - One or two sentences on Methods (Experimental Design).
R - Main results - general only
   - References

Lab write-ups provide Valuable Practice For Research and Writing and Thinking.

BACKGROUND FOR THE READER:

  1. What is an electron micrograph (EM)
  2. WHY EM's were used in this laboratory?
  3. What is the basic structure of a Virus?
  4. What is a Bacteriophage and HOW is it different from "regular" viruses with spikes, which infect people. (ie. "injection system")
  5. History of Virus research. Ex. Porcelain Filters-->Notes
  6. Can you think of anything else in your notes or Text or extra reading that is just basic information?
    See Pages:
    1. 355-360
    2. & Interactive lecture
    3. Information in Booklet

Main Results (In General only)

  • Did you notice several different shapes of viruses?
  • Did the viruses show up well?

References on Virus used for Introduction:

  • Mention lecture notes and Teacher
  • Texts (Author, title, publisher, date, pages)
  • If internet is used - Print out pages and Highlight parts used.

FOR DISCUSSION: (Follows your planner and diagrams and Methods)

1    
2    
3    
4    

WHY your discussion is the most important part of your write-up?

  1. You need practice in explaining results and relating results to purposes and theory.
  2. Writing gets a person thinking in an organized way.
  3. The discussion will show HOW the Virus lab results could be useful to mankind. (Implications!)
  4. It will also suggest to other scientists what additional work they might do to further understand viruses!

YOUR DISCUSSION:

  • Should not just be a restatement of results. Include plenty of "becauses."
  • Should emphasize interpretation of WHY the viruses looked the way they did.
  • Should relate what you saw to scientific principles and existing theory in notes on viruses.
    Example: In class you learned about the shaft on the tailpiece.

SHORT PARAGRAPHS TO WRITE

Slide#1 Slide#2
WHY were the viruses lined up on the Bacterium? Because...)(and HOW does this relate to lecture notes)
WHY are tail pieces anchored to the bacterium?
Implication - Does this imply that a way could be developed to prevent virus infection?		 Because...
Hint: What could we do to stop viruses from inserting proteins into receptors?
WHY is there are little bridge between the two bacteria? Because...
Slide#2

Is there any damage noticed on the phage and HOW could this be done, besides the way mentioned on the handout?		 Ask instructor
Implication: WHY would biologists want to sometimes damage a virus in the lab? -Hint: Think of what is coming out of the virus in slide #2.
Slide #3 - Short paragraph
Are there some helpful hints on the handout for what to write for your discussion, regarding implications?		 Ex. It says the flu mutates readily. What does the imply?
(Suggest beyond the lab)
Hint: Think of the HOW & WHY lectures on HOW the flu keeps "coming back."
Slide #4 - Short Paragraph
Correction: insert 2 words bewteen "eight" and "cells" so it reads: "eight nuclei from cells that were infected."
WHY can't you see the viruses?
How can you tell there were originally 8 cells before the measles attack?
What happened to the cells? - explain		 Hint: Count the round objects on the right.
Slide #5 - Paragraph to write
What implication can you think of concerning Newcastle disease in chickens?		 Hint: What is a lot of research money being used for?
Smallpox - Explain fully WHY cowpox vaccination worked against smallpox?
Use your interactive lecture notes on Antigens etc.		 Hint: Think of the story told of HOW milkmaidens became immune (in handout).
Slide #6 - Paragraph to write:
WHY must viruses get into live cells?
WHY must viruses later leave live cells?		 -Hint: Think of interactive lectures on WHAT is Life and What viruses can't do on their own and what they are missing?
Also answer the question on the handout as part of your paragraph.  
Slide #7 - Tobacco Mosaic Virus
WHY do you think TM Viruses can form crystals?

Implication: What implication is there for the fact that so many plants get virus diseases?		 Hint: Think of what TM viruses contain - )(HOW simple their chemical make-up is) and what shape they have?
Slide #8 - Cancer viruses paragraph:
Really think on this one! Read about cancers (caused by viruses) in humans. Ex. cervical cancer in women		 Hint: Implication
WHY should young women geta "pap" test? (Ask for more hints.)
Ex. Discuss the implication coming from the fact that baby mice that were immediately removed from the mother with leukemia usually don't get leukemia. Hint: Leukemia viruses have been seen in body fluids of mice.