Executive Summary Political Science 425 Alan Dar Dec 2002

This paper will discuss question # 1 what is the most important political problem in Calgary at the present time?  This question is highly normative in nature given the broad scope of issues that can be addressed.  Your analysis will depend on the position you take on the particular issues.  However I will address the issues in pertaining to transportation and infrastructure.  Calgary growth can be partially contributed to being “the third least expensive city in Canada”<!--[if !supportFootnotes]-->[1]<!--[endif]--> there will be increased demands for access, participation, service and efficiencies.  The continued growth as citizens, immigrants, and workers move from other parts of the country into Calgary shall put additional strain on the system.  Traffic has already been significantly increased in the past 10 years.  LRT expansion has increased however only to a limited extent.   Cities are creatures of the government and Calgary is no exception.  This is due to the legislation in Section 92-8 “Municipal Institutions in the Province”<!--[if !supportFootnotes]-->[2]<!--[endif]--> that is nearly impossible to change.  So this paper will also make recommendations to counsel of past, present and possible future considerations of the likely possibilities this problem will create.  The most important future political problems in Calgary include education & Kyoto.  The population explosion will require complex political advice to produce results & re-electability for the politicians.  Recommendations will be based on flexibility, innovation and a clear understanding of the limited capacity to influence provinces & federal government vis-à-vis municipal policy & recommendations.  Let us now begin the analysis of this problem.

Political Science 425 Urban Government Paper Alan Dar 946163

            In ancient times the city used to be the most important institution in the world. Cities were considered states and even the term city-state was derived from ancient times. “A city-state, called a polis, was a typical Greek settlement, with a fortified city and a defensible citadel at the center of a territory, which might include other villages.”<!--[if !supportFootnotes]-->[3]<!--[endif]-->  In the 21-century cities have new functions.  For example in Canada due to the constitution the province has jurisdiction over the functions of urban governments “Municipal Institutions in the Province.”<!--[if !supportFootnotes]-->[4]<!--[endif]-->  Given the origins of the city and the current legislation now let us discuss a real world example of the most important city that affects myself.  The City of Calgary is where I was born and raised.  Political problems have always existed but what is the most important political problem in Calgary at the present time 2002?  A wide range of issues from taxes, revenues, transportation, and infrastructure all come to mind.  This paper will focus in on the problems associated with transportation & infrastructure.  From the very beginning when the Romans conquered the world, they were always building roads to accomplish this task.  In Calgary we are having similar problems but with different rationale.  Calgary continues to grow at an alarming pace, primarily due to the Alberta advantage and the strong job market.  This has put significant strain on the transportation system.  LRT and infrastructure needs to be maintained and expanded to deal effectively with the growing population in Calgary.  There are significant hurdles to create a viable long-term solution to this problem.    Let us evaluate some possible solutions to the problem at hand.  We must take into account that the nature of public goods and services cannot be analyzed in a purely economic perspective.  The simple matter is that public problems are not equivalent to private problems.    The definition “Public goods have just the opposite qualities. They are non-excludable and non-rival in consumption”.<!--[if !supportFootnotes]-->[5]<!--[endif]-->  Roads, street signs, traffic lights, public transit are classic examples of public goods.  An LRT system would be considered useful for the majority of citizens although not everyone uses the system.  However to simply burden the cost to those who use the LRT would be unreasonable.  All citizens bear the costs of public goods via taxes.  Federal government controls “the raising of Money by any Mode or System of Taxation”.<!--[if !supportFootnotes]-->[6]<!--[endif]-->  The second tier of taxation powers goes to the provincial government “direct Taxation within the Province in order to the raising of Revenue for Provincial Purposes.”<!--[if !supportFootnotes]-->[7]<!--[endif]-->  Cities have a problem in generating the revenues they require for such issues because they legally do not have the power to do so.  The only taxation powers cities like Calgary posses are property taxes.  Recently the neo-conservative mindset has gelled in the government especially in the Alberta government with respect to taxes.  Taxes are currently perceived as always negative in the current political climate.  However taxes is often the most reasonable and rational solution to this problem.  In reality tax increases are highly political in nature and deemed unfavorable by the electorate.  No politician can generally get re-elected running on a platform of increasing taxes for the greater good of a city, province or country in the year 2002.  So what are governments especially municipal ones supposed to do?  Well this problem is highly complex dealing with a wide array of economic and political considerations. The economics are complex, but in politics every decision from the most rational to irrational is based on politics.  Let us discuss strategies that have been employed by the city of Calgary to correct the increasing problem of transportation.

Part I A:  Transportation

            The LRT system is a train system that is used in Calgary to transport people to key points in the city.  This diagram illustrates the proposed improvements to the LRT system. <!--[if !supportFootnotes]--> [8]<!--[endif]--> For example recent expansions in the South East to include Fish Creek & Canyon Meadows LRT have helped ease the strain on the system.

<!--[if !vml]--><!--[endif]-->

However this is insufficient given the growing population of Calgary and the relative area that the City of Calgary encompasses.  Future expansion projects include the increasing of lines from Dailhouse project slated for 2003.  This should elevate the transportation concerns to a limited extent in the north.  Future expansions in the south are also further required with the additions of Shawnessy & Summerset slated for 2004.  The south goes all the way to highway 22 X this will greatly improve transit.  When the McKnight station goes on line hopefully it will be close to the airport.  This would be extremely beneficial considering the international tourism component of Calgary’s economy.  The provision of transportation services in an efficient and cost effective manner is vital to the interests of Calgary government.

Therefore the expansion of the LRT is vital to the solution of transportation problems associated in Calgary.  The main concern is that projects like this cost enormous amounts of money to finance and to maintain over time.  Transportation is a long-term investment that also requires the financial support of the provincial and sometimes federal government.  The only problem is that LRT fees continue to rise and people in the lower & middle-income brackets use these services.  Initiatives like the Student LRT u-pass have increased the burden of capacity on the LRT system at peak times.  In addition once LRT lines become available more people may be willing to take the train thus adding additional strain on the system.  The increasing population and migration will continue to put increased strain on the system. 

            Another remarkable initiative is the City of Calgary moving to more environmentally friendly modes of energy production.  For example the “electricity generation required by LRT releases 21,000 tones of pollutants per year.  Replacing this energy with zero emissions electricity from wind will result in transit running on clean power.”<!--[if !supportFootnotes]-->[9]<!--[endif]-->  This initiative is a great idea because the long-term investment will produce reduced pollution and cheaper forms of energy.  For example a wind powered LRT would eliminate 1500 kg of emissions per user per year, the first phase will be completed March 31, 2002.”<!--[if !supportFootnotes]-->[10]<!--[endif]-->  This example clearly illustrates a strong balance between innovation and environmentalism.  This win-win scenario illustrates that alternative energy can work in certain scenarios to improve the energy concerns of Calgarian.   Note this solution could have a problem if coal fire & energy producing companies loose substantial profits and contracts to alternative energy.  This is a factor especially to consider the political and economic ramifications in Calgary.  There are ways special interest groups can exert influence vis-à-vis access & participation to key decision makers and economic considerations.  Powerful corporations such as large Canadian oil & gas companies or multi national corporations can in theory influence the direction of government. 

Part I B: Infrastructure

Let us discuss infrastructure the “ICAP is the Infrastructure Canada Alberta Program is a partnership involving the federal, provincial, municipal governments and allows for private sector participation.”<!--[if !supportFootnotes]-->[11]<!--[endif]-->  This illustrates just how much coordination is required to provision of services & efficiency for infrastructure.  For example the recent July 2002 project in Calgary consisted of the following financial breakdowns:

       “In general, each level of government (federal, provincial and municipal) contributes a third of the total eligible costs of any given project. In today's $41.7 million announcement, federal and provincial contributions total $22,182,816. For the 272 projects and $170.8 million announced since June 8, 2001, federal and provincial contributions total approximately $98.9 million.”<!--[if !supportFootnotes]-->[12]<!--[endif]-->

The amount of co-operation, coordination, access & participation between all three levels of government required to implement infrastructure is immense.  When you consider the dollar values and significance it becomes apparently clear that politics plays a substantial role in infrastructure funding.  For example the federal government under the Liberals and the province of Alberta under the Conservatives can have political conflicts.  The municipal government has an asymmetrical relationship between the other two levels of government vis-à-vis legal & taxation powers.  Partisan politics can influence the direction and amount of funding.  However, if the provincial & federal parties are of the same party co-operation & funding may flow easier.  Specifically the municipal government is a creature of the provincial government thru Section 92-8 “Municipal Institutions in the Province.”<!--[if !supportFootnotes]-->[13]<!--[endif]-->  If municipalities want to raise bonds and incur debt they require permission by the provincial government.  The provincial government will create a crown corporation and acquire the debt from the municipality and sell it on the open market. This mechanism results in lower interest rates for the cities because of the more secure credit rating of the province versus the City of Calgary.  Municipalities must ensure the proper political channels and protocols are established to maintain favorable relations with the province and the federal government to achieve infrastructure objectives.  A mayor of Calgary would be unwise to not ensure that both parties reach mutually beneficial relationships. Just to see how big the dollar values are here is the breakdown of a recent 2002 infrastructure boost in Calgary.

<!--[if !supportFootnotes]-->[14]<!--[endif]-->

One interesting component of the construction equation is private firms.  Special interests of private developers take consideration when bidding for contracts to complete the construction required for Calgary.  Firms like Lafarge and Karma to name a few important construction & development companies will often compete heavily to secure such lucrative contracts.   Real estate developers also have significant access & participation in policy formation for expansion of the city.  The relationship is symbiotic for politicians because real estate developers often significantly fund mayoral candidates.  Expansion of infrastructure benefits developers because they secure more contracts and profits.  Expansion of infrastructure also allows for the eventual increase of residential taxes due to housing developments, which benefits the City of Calgary.  Given the diverse projects competing wards will want to get there infrastructure projects approved versus the competition.  Citizen input is limited compared to the bureaucrats, politicians and special interests regarding this matter.  Therefore the city can influence and decide which projects are worth pursuing despite the limited capabilities of generating taxation vis-à-vis provincial or federal funding.  Let us change discussion to forecast the next major political problems.

Part II Kyoto

Let us evaluate what will be the most important political problem in the future for the City of Calgary.  Without a doubt the ratification of Kyoto Accord and higher education will be the most important political problems in the future.    Let us discuss the effects of the Kyoto Accord on Calgary.  First lets define what the Kyoto accord is about;

“Atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases (GHGs) are rising rapidly as a result of human activities, mainly the burning of fossil fuels. Almost all leading climate scientists agree that a profound transformation of the global environment is likely to occur this century if this trend continues. Heeding the scientific advice, the world's governments agreed more than 10 years ago on the need to stabilize GHG concentrations. They formalized this objective in the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, which has been ratified by virtually every nation in the world (Canada and the U.S. included).”<!--[if !supportFootnotes]-->[15]<!--[endif]-->

Why is the Alberta government protesting ratification and what is the impact on Calgary?  Calgary is the “energy capital of Canada.”<!--[if !supportFootnotes]-->[16]<!--[endif]-->  Kyoto ratification would have significant financial costs associated initially with implementation.  The tax revenues generated by oil and gas would decrease.  Revenues to fund the province rely heavily on oil & gas so there is a vested interest in fighting Kyoto.  The oil & gas companies accompanied by the Klein government have attacked the federal governments handling of Kyoto.  Premier Klein commented, “This government will not rest in opposing the Kyoto Protocol. It will not rest in protecting the jobs of Albertans, and all Canadians. It will not rest in its work to protect the future economic prosperity of Alberta, and the strong communities and array of opportunities that arise from that prosperity.”<!--[if !supportFootnotes]-->[17]<!--[endif]-->  The simple reality is that Kyoto is out of the jurisdiction of municipal or provincial governments.  Ratification of treaties is strictly in the jurisdiction of the federal government outlined in the constitution Treaty obligations section 132 “The Parliament and Government of Canada shall have all Powers necessary or proper for performing the Obligations of Canada or of any Province thereof, as Part of the British Empire, towards Foreign Countries, arising under Treaties between the Empire and such Foreign Countries.”<!--[if !supportFootnotes]-->[18]<!--[endif]-->  This example illustrates the classic political combat between federal and provincial governments.  In this scenario the municipal government is impotent in its capabilities to participate in the political debate of Kyoto or influence its outcome.  Even the provincial government of Alberta has made little headway against Ottawa.  Most Canadians support ratification of Kyoto despite the debates “across the country, backing for Kyoto has fallen 12 percentage points to 74 per cent from 86 per cent.”<!--[if !supportFootnotes]-->[19]<!--[endif]-->  Albertan support has dropped “In fact, support for the agreement to fight climate change has plummeted to 27 per cent in Alberta from 72 per cent last spring.”<!--[if !supportFootnotes]-->[20]<!--[endif]-->  The Prime Minister has already decided, “the Kyoto Accord will be ratified.    At the Johannesburg summit in September 2002, Prime Minister Chrétien announced that he will ask Parliament to ratify the agreement before the end of the year.” <!--[if !supportFootnotes]--> [21]<!--[endif]-->  Whether Calgarians or Albertans want Kyoto or not is irrelevant it will happen and this illustrates an example of asymmetrical powers vis-à-vis constitution and policy formation.  This ratification will hurt Calgarian initially but should be offset in the long run advantages obtained by Kyoto.  The simple reality is the true decision makers have a plan that has been ratified by every major country in the world except, Canada and the USA;

“The notion that the federal government has no idea how to implement the Kyoto Protocol, or, alternatively, that the government has a plan but has not consulted industry and the provinces about it, is nonsense the government will publish its chosen Kyoto implementation plan prior to putting Kyoto ratification to a vote in Parliament before the end of this year. Canadians' true interests demand that our elected representatives choose the cooperative, international approach to addressing this major global challenge, rather than a path of isolation and inaction that shirks our global responsibilities.”<!--[if !supportFootnotes]-->[22]<!--[endif]-->

The rational that Calgary companies cannot achieve Kyoto targets is false.  Companies are in the business of profit maximization and cost minimization. The Kyoto accord decreases both of these factors in oil & gas companies in the short run and long run for those who cannot adapt.  Some argue the costs are too high and that people will lose their jobs.  This example clearly illustrates that if given the proper motivation corporations can meet Kyoto. For example “Suncor and TransAlta have voluntarily taken on Kyoto-level targets for their net corporate emissions.  BP's CEO recently described how his company had met its global 10 per cent GHG reduction target seven years ahead of schedule and "at no net economic cost."<!--[if !supportFootnotes]-->[23]<!--[endif]-->  Therefore Calgary & Alberta will survive Kyoto. Let us address from a student’s or parents importance of education.

Part II-B: Education

            Education in the future will be one of the most important political issues for Calgary.  The University of Calgary "is cutting its annual spending by 50 million dollars over the next four years. The U of C is running a 12-million dollar deficit and must cut its budget to get back in the black. “<!--[if !supportFootnotes]-->[24]<!--[endif]--> How could the University of Calgary miscalculate the budget by such a huge error?  This will directly affect the access & participation of viable candidates into the post secondary school.  But here is a disturbing fact “by 2004 more than 70% of jobs will require workers with some sort of post secondary education, ranging from technical trades, schools or apprenticeship programs to college or university.”<!--[if !supportFootnotes]-->[25]<!--[endif]-->  This fact is shocking considering if you want to compete for a job “60 % of workforce has a post secondary education in Calgary the highest among all Canadian cities.”  <!--[if !supportFootnotes]--> [26]<!--[endif]-->  Calgarians should be furious but what can they do?  Education is constitutionally in the realm of the provinces “In and for each Province the Legislature may exclusively make Laws in relation to Education, subject and according to the following Provisions.”<!--[if !supportFootnotes]-->[27]<!--[endif]-->  However the federal governments own political, social and economic interests they heavily finance education.  Increasingly tight budgets and shortfalls are common in all provinces regarding education.  The wealthy City of Calgary is far from immune to the effects of educational budget cuts.  Municipal governments are virtually impotent because they cannot legally tax the property that post-secondary institutions reside on for additional funds.  For provincial assistance “the university currently receives close to two-thirds of its $300-million operating budget from the province. The institution's total budget for this year is $600 million.”<!--[if !supportFootnotes]-->[28]<!--[endif]-->  Doing some basic math a 50 million dollar shortfall results in 50/600 M = 8.33% decrease in the next 4 years.  Not to mention the 37/600 M = 6.16 % decrease in the first year.  Services and efficiencies will be extremely affected for example “maintenance staff has been told only to carry out emergency work.”<!--[if !supportFootnotes]-->[29]<!--[endif]-->  Could students be expected to clean garbage, I certainly hope not.  What about current students or prospective students, guess what your in a serious predicament:

“The budget announcement comes two weeks after the university announced plans to shut its doors to extra students next fall, citing a space and funding crunch for its cap on undergraduate students. It also comes after the institution floated the idea of differential fees for law, medical and business students.”<!--[if !supportFootnotes]-->[30]<!--[endif]--> 

This disturbing trend will result in decrease in quality of education.  Higher costs in all faculties must occur to account for the shortfall.  In addition if differential tuition occurs then it may eventually lead to a two-tier education system.  Changes are inevitable, given the University of Calgary dreadful ranking by MacLean’s 14 out 15<!--[if !supportFootnotes]-->[31]<!--[endif]--> for universities in our category.  Increasing tuitions for all faculties, price discrimination for differential tuition is logical solution for decision makers because demand for post secondary far exceeds supply.  Non-essential facilities, personal and programs will eventually be reduced or eliminated.  In this unique education example access, participation, service and efficiency will all decrease because of this monetary shortfall. This situation is clearly a lose-lose scenario for the majority.  Differential tuition for certain faculties such as business, law and medicine increases status, funding and ranking.  Education is such an important issue because it affects jobs, economy, GDP, R & D, microeconomics, macroeconomics and global competitiveness. Clearly Kyoto & education will be important political issues that will affect Calgary in the years to come.

Conclusion

In summary given that the population of Calgary is expected to reach 1 million people from its current “in 2002, the city’s population crossed 900,000”<!--[if !supportFootnotes]-->[32]<!--[endif]--> some political advice to city council and administration would be appropriate.  Therefore transportation is a critical political issue facing City of Calgary at this moment. The LRT transit system currently demands exceeds supply.  The continued migration of workers, immigrants and corporations places increased strain on the services & efficiencies of the Calgary transportation system.  The other critical political issue is infrastructure in Calgary.  Considering the vast political, economic & social considerations of infrastructure, careful strategy vis-à-vis access & participation is required by the municipal government to ensure proper financing is secured.  Given the significant financial costs associated with transportation and infrastructure must be taken into account the role of municipal government is limited thru section 92-8.  Regarding transportation I would suggest increasing the fairs and making sure that the LRT transit workers and the city have secured a long-term contract.  In addition I would ensure that the LRT construction would be on schedule to ensure the new capacity gets on line.  Regarding infrastructure the policy advice I would suggests involves more strategies to increase revenues.  Securing more contracts with private enterprises for discount pricing is a good suggestion.  In addition further proposals and insurance that infrastructure gets completed on time.  Increasing property taxes and increasing land development will further increase revenues.   The proposed budget 2003 “increase in property taxes from 5-8%”<!--[if !supportFootnotes]-->[33]<!--[endif]--> is reasonable given our municipal tax rate is the “third lowest in Canada.”<!--[if !supportFootnotes]-->[34]<!--[endif]--> 

Part II

For the city I would recommend preparing business, industry and citizens for the ratification of Kyoto.  Fighting Kyoto is a lost battle considering the powers of the federal government and the minority position of the Alberta province and City of Calgary interests over Kyoto.  I would also recommend further expansion into new & clean solutions versus traditional energy.  Regarding education the policy that you can take is limited.  The statistics are alarming considering “university education is increasing 4% per annum.”<!--[if !supportFootnotes]-->[35]<!--[endif]-->  Imagine you’re a parent who just had a baby in 2002 the “cost a child born today faces a total bill of close to $125,200 for a 4-year undergraduate university education in 2020 started in 18 years time.”<!--[if !supportFootnotes]-->[36]<!--[endif]-->  The City of Calgary primary plan is to ask the provincial & federal government for more funds.  Education spending in Canada has been strained significantly.  If enough federal, provincial and citizen opposition occurs the governments may increase funding towards education.  A backup plan for council could include fundraisers for post secondary, charities, auctions and tax incentives towards post secondary institutions.  Raising property taxes could be an option and diverting some funds to education projects may be viable.  Regardless city actions are limited to due to their lack of powers vis-à-vis section 92-8.  City of Calgary problems should be addressed in an incremental manner. The mayor should employ broker style approach of governance to ensure gradual changes and increase the odds of being re-elected.

Political Science 425 Urban Government Paper Alan Dar

1)      Greek City States & Religious Festivals. <http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/Olympics/rel.html > (Nov,21,02)

2)      Constitutions Act: DOJ 92-8 Canada <http://laws.justice.gc.ca/en/const/c1867_e.html#provincial > (Nov, 21, 02)

3)      What is a public good?  <http://mondediplo.com/2000/06/15publicgood>

(Nov, 21, 02)

4)      91-3 Powers of Parliament Constitution DOJ <http://laws.justice.gc.ca/en/const/c1867_e.html#executive >(Nov, 21,02)

5)      92-2 Exclusive powers of Provincial Legislators DOJ <http://laws.justice.gc.ca/en/const/c1867_e.html#provincial> (Nov,21,02)

6)      Calgary transit website “Light Rail Transit Line”  <http://www.calgarytransit.com/Routes/lrt_stop.html >  (Nov, 23,02)

7)      Transport Canada “moving on sustainable transport” <http://www.tc.gc.ca/programs/environment/most/submissions.htm> (Nov, 23,02)

8)      Transport Canada “Ride the Wind” <http://www.tc.gc.ca/programs/environment/most/pembina.htm >(Nov, 23,02)

9)      <!--[if !supportFootnotes]--> [1]<!--[endif]-->ICAP Fact Sheet July,19,02 <http://www.wd.gc.ca/eng/mediacentre/2002/july19-01b.html > (Nov, 23,02

10)  Constitutional Act 1867 Power of Province <http://laws.justice.gc.ca/en/const/c1867_e.html#provincial >   (Nov, 23,02)

11)  ICAP Project Summary July 19,2002 <http://www.wd.gc.ca/eng/mediacentre/2002/july19-01c.html> (Nov, 23,02)

12) APPEGGA “The Kyoto Accord” BY MATT McCULLOCH, P.ENG. and MATTHEW BRAMLEY, PhD <http://www.apegga.com/whatsnew/peggs/WEB11_02/kyoto_pt.htm> (Nov, 23,02)

13)  City of Calgary Fact Sheet. <http://www.calgary-promote.com/media/FactSheet.pdf  >(Nov, 23,02)

14)  Government of Alberta (Nov, 21,02) “federal governments plan inadequate and arrogant” <http://www2.gov.ab.ca/home/news/dsp_feature.cfm?lkFid=299 >  (Nov, 23,02)

15)  Constitutional Act Treaty Obligations Section 132 IX.  MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS , <http://laws.justice.gc.ca/en/const/c1867_e.html#misc >(Nov, 23,02)

16)  Globe & Mail “Albertans turn against Kyoto” Oct/8/02 <http://www.globeandmail.com/servlet/ArticleNews/front/RTGAM/20021008/wxkyoto1008/Front/homeBN/breakingnews> , (Nov, 23,02)

17)  CBC “Kyoto Protocol” Sept/23/02 <http://www.cbc.ca/news/features/kyoto_canada.html>, (Nov, 23,02)

18)  CFCN “ University of Calgary Makes Huge Budget Cuts” , Nov, 21, 02) <http://www.cfcnplus.ca/servlet/RTGAMArticleHTMLTemplate/B/20021122/UofC?brand=generic&hub=&tf=CFCNPlus/generic/hubs/frontpage.html&cf=CFCNPlus/generic/hubs/frontpage.cfg&slug=UofC&date=20021122&archive=CFCNPlus&ad_page_name=&nav=home&subnav=fullstory> (Nov, 21, 02)

19)  Innovation Canada “Skills & Learning Key to our future” <http://www.innovation.gc.ca/scdt/innovation/interface2.nsf/engdoc/0.html> (Nov, 23,02)

20)  Calgary Promote Fact sheet <http://www.calgary-promote.com/media/FactSheet.pdf> (Nov, 23,02)

21)  Constitution Education Legislation # 93 <http://laws.justice.gc.ca/en/const/c1867_e.html#provincial> (Nov, 23,02)

22)  Canada.com “Faculty fed up over funding” Nov, 23, 02) <http://www.canada.com/calgary/story.asp?id={A94E4CC7-EF80-4F6A-A795-E97D76993FC4}> (Nov, 23,02)

23)  University Gazette “U of C ranked 14/15” Nov  18,02 <http://www.fp.ucalgary.ca/unicomm/Gazette/Nov18-02/macleans.htm> (Nov, 23,02)

24)  City of Calgary “2002 citizen satisfaction survey” <http://www.gov.calgary.ab.ca/survey/> (Nov, 23, 02)

25)  TD Economics “Future costs of University education” (Nov, 2002)

<http://www.td.com/economics/topic/ca_education.html> (Nov, 25,02)